{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:40:05Z","timestamp":1756208405715,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A knowledge graph (KG) represents real-world entities and their relationships. The represented knowledge is often context-dependent, leading to the construction of contextualized KGs. The multidimensional and hierarchical nature of context invites comparison with the OLAP cube model from multidimensional data analysis. Traditional systems for online analytical processing (OLAP) employ multidimensional models to represent numeric values for further analysis using dedicated query operations. In this paper, along with an adaptation of the OLAP cube model for KGs, we introduce an adaptation of the traditional OLAP query operations for the purposes of performing analysis over KGs. In particular, we decompose the roll-up operation from traditional OLAP into a merge and an abstraction operation. The merge operation corresponds to the selection of knowledge from different contexts whereas abstraction replaces entities with more general entities. The result of such a query is a more abstract, high-level view \u2013 a management summary \u2013 of the knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-200419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T12:51:19Z","timestamp":1607691079000},"page":"649-683","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Knowledge Graph OLAP"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Christoph G.","family":"Schuetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Business Informatics \u2013 Data & Knowledge Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. E-mails:\u00a0christoph.schuetz@jku.at,\u00a0bernd.neumayr@jku.at,\u00a0michael.schrefl@jku.at"}]},{"given":"Loris","family":"Bozzato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Communication Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy. E-mails:\u00a0bozzato@fbk.eu,\u00a0serafini@fbk.eu"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Neumayr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Business Informatics \u2013 Data & Knowledge Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. E-mails:\u00a0christoph.schuetz@jku.at,\u00a0bernd.neumayr@jku.at,\u00a0michael.schrefl@jku.at"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schrefl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Business Informatics \u2013 Data & Knowledge Engineering, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Austria. E-mails:\u00a0christoph.schuetz@jku.at,\u00a0bernd.neumayr@jku.at,\u00a0michael.schrefl@jku.at"}]},{"given":"Luciano","family":"Serafini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Information and Communication Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Italy. E-mails:\u00a0bozzato@fbk.eu,\u00a0serafini@fbk.eu"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.4018\/jdwm.2013040104","article-title":"Fusion cubes: Towards self-service business intelligence","volume":"9","author":"Abell\u00f3","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Data Warehousing and Mining"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2330822","article-title":"Using semantic web technologies for exploratory OLAP: A survey","volume":"27","author":"Abello","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref4","unstructured":"F. Baader, D. Calvanese, D. McGuinness, D. Nardi and P. Patel-Schneider (eds), The Description Logic Handbook, Cambridge University Press, 2003."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/1"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s10619-014-7171-9","article-title":"Scalable graph-based OLAP analytics over process execution data","volume":"34","author":"Benatallah","year":"2016","journal-title":"Distributed and Parallel Databases"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-44607-9_5"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2017.12.005","article-title":"Enhancing context knowledge repositories with justifiable exceptions","volume":"257","author":"Bozzato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-22102-7_5"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-34974-5_3"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref11","unstructured":"L. Bozzato and C.G. Schuetz, Towards distributed contextualized knowledge repositories for analysis of large-scale knowledge graphs, in: Proceedings of the 35th Italian Conference on Computational Logic (CILC 2020), F. Calimeri, S. Perri and E. Zumpano, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2710, CEUR-WS.org, 2020. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2710\/short1.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref12","unstructured":"L. Bozzato and L. Serafini, Materialization calculus for contexts in the Semantic Web, in: DL 2013, T. Eiter, B. Glimm, Y. Kazakov and M. Kr\u00f6tzsch, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1014, CEUR-WS.org, 2013. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1014\/paper_51.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref13","unstructured":"L. Bozzato, L. Serafini and T. Eiter, Reasoning with justifiable exceptions in contextual hierarchies, in: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Sixteenth International Conference (KR 2018), M. Thielscher, F. Toni and F. Wolter, eds, AAAI Press, 2018, pp. 329\u2013338. https:\/\/aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/KR\/KR18\/paper\/view\/18032."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2843043.2843044"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSURV.2015.7121222"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1060745.1060835"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s00778-018-0528-3","article-title":"Summarizing semantic graphs: A survey","volume":"28","author":"\u010cebiri\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"The VLDB Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s10115-009-0228-9","article-title":"Graph OLAP: a multi-dimensional framework for graph data analysis","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Knowledge and Information Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6515-8_16"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2566486.2567982"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2695664.2695720"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2008.05.001","article-title":"OWL 2: The next step for OWL","volume":"6","author":"Cuenca Grau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2014.6979418"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref26","unstructured":"L. Etcheverry and A.A. Vaisman, QB4OLAP: A vocabulary for OLAP cubes on the Semantic Web, in: COLD 2012, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 905, CEUR-WS.org, 2012. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-905\/EtcheverryAndVaisman_COLD2012.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-10160-6_5"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10796-020-10000-z"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218843098000118","article-title":"The dimensional fact model: A conceptual model for data warehouses","volume":"7","author":"Golfarelli","year":"1998","journal-title":"International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45654-6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC43569.2019.9081790"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSURV.2018.8384870"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref35","first-page":"5","article-title":"Managing Google\u2019s data lake: An overview of the Goods system","volume":"39","author":"Halevy","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Data Engineering Bulletin"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1515\/comp-2018-0003","article-title":"Using superimposed multidimensional schemas and OLAP patterns for RDF data analysis","volume":"8","author":"Hilal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Computer Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.06.001","article-title":"YAGO2: A spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia","volume":"194","author":"Hoffart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2016.7777971"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3317706"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2928294.2928296"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1504\/IJMSO.2006.011011","article-title":"A framework for context sensitive metadata description","volume":"1","author":"Khriyenko","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal on Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-15675-5_21"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/743"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2016.04.002","article-title":"Editorial for special section on knowledge graphs","volume":"37\u201338","author":"Kr\u00f6tzsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref50","unstructured":"R. Lake, D.S. Burggraf, M. Trnini\u0107 and L. Rae, Geography Mark-up Language: Foundation for the Geo-Web, Wiley, Hoboken, 2004."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2015.11.010","article-title":"Enabling graph mining in RDF triplestores using SPARQL for holistic in-situ graph analysis","volume":"48","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-140134","article-title":"DBpedia \u2013 a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base extracted from Wikipedia","volume":"6","author":"Lehmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1145\/3186727","article-title":"Graph summarization methods and applications: A survey","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s11192-015-1539-0","article-title":"Combining OLAP and information networks for bibliographic data analysis: A survey","volume":"103","author":"Loudcher","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-46839-5_6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5441\/002\/edbt.2016.27"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2011.11.009","article-title":"Building data warehouses with semantic web data","volume":"52","author":"Nebot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Decision Support Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-05461-2_3"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DASC.2017.8102002"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-160218","article-title":"Knowledge graph refinement: A survey of approaches and evaluation methods","volume":"8","author":"Paulheim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-21064-8_11"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3370912"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46547-0_35"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref71","unstructured":"C.G. Schuetz, B. Neumayr, M. Schrefl, E. Gringinger, A. Vennesland and S. Wilson, The case for contextualized knowledge graphs in air traffic management, in: Joint Proceedings of the International Workshops on Contextualized Knowledge Graphs, and Semantic Statistics, S. Capadisli, F. Cotton, J.M. Gim\u00e9nez-Garc\u00eda, A. Haller, E. Kalampokis, V. Nguyen, A.P. Sheth and R. Troncy, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2317, CEUR-WS.org, 2018. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2317\/article-10.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref72","unstructured":"C.G. Schuetz, B. Neumayr, M. Schrefl, E. Gringinger and S. Wilson, Semantics-based summarization of ATM data to manage information overload in pilot briefings, in: Proceedings of the 31st Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences, 2018. http:\/\/www.icas.org\/ICAS_ARCHIVE\/ICAS2018\/data\/papers\/ICAS2018_0763_paper.pdf."},{"issue":"1268","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1017\/aer.2019.74","article-title":"Semantics-based summarisation of ATM information: Managing information overload in pilot briefings using semantic data containers","volume":"123","author":"Schuetz","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Aeronautical Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38709-8"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2011.12.003","article-title":"Contextualized knowledge repositories for the Semantic Web","volume":"12","author":"Serafini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2016.2598561","article-title":"A survey of heterogeneous information network analysis","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-56212-4_7"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNSURV.2016.7486359"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"U. Straccia, N. Lopes, G. Luk\u00e1csy and A. Polleres, A general framework for representing and reasoning with annotated Semantic Web data, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Fourth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI 2010), M. Fox and D. Poole, eds, 2010, http:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/AAAI\/AAAI10\/paper\/view\/1590.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v24i1.7499"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1609\/aimag.v31i3.2298","article-title":"True Knowledge: Open-domain question answering using structured knowledge and inference","volume":"31","author":"Tunstall-Pedoe","year":"2010","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1145\/1656242.1656245","article-title":"Annotated RDF","volume":"11","author":"Udrea","year":"2010","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Computational Logic"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-54655-6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2016.7498341"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref85","unstructured":"A. Vennesland, R.M. Keller, C.G. Schuetz, E. Gringinger and B. Neumayr, Matching ontologies for air traffic management: A comparison and reference alignment of the AIRM and NASA ATM ontologies, in: Proceedings of the 14th International Workshop on Ontology Matching, P. Shvaiko, J. Euzenat, E. Jim\u00e9nez-Ruiz, O. Hassanzadeh and C. Trojahn, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2536, CEUR-WS.org, 2019. http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2536\/om2019_LTpaper1.pdf."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/2629489","article-title":"Wikidata: A free collaborative knowledgebase","volume":"57","author":"Vrande\u010di\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DSAA.2015.7344826"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICDE.2014.6816676"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-45654-6_6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1989323.1989413"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-200419_ref92","unstructured":"A. Zimmermann and J.M. Gim\u00e9nez-Garc\u00eda, Contextualizing DL axioms: Formalization, a new approach, and its properties, in: Joint Proceedings of the Web Stream Processing Workshop (WSP 2017) and the 2nd International Workshop on Ontology Modularity, Contextuality, and Evolution (WOMoCoE 2017), D. Dell\u2019Aglio, D. Anicic, P.M. Barnaghi, E.D. Valle, D.L. McGuinness, L. Bozzato, T. Eiter, M. Homola and D. Porello, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1936, CEUR-WS.org, 2017, pp. 74\u201385, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1936\/paper-07.pdf."}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-200419","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:01:04Z","timestamp":1756206064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-200419"}},"subtitle":["A multidimensional model and query operations for contextualized knowledge graphs"],"editor":[{"given":"Harald","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-200419","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2210-4968"},{"type":"print","value":"1570-0844"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]}}}