{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:19:30Z","timestamp":1777889970010,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]],"date-time":"2022-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Linked Open Datasets on the Web that are published as RDF can evolve over time. There is a need to be able to store such evolving RDF datasets, and query across their versions. Different storage strategies are available for managing such versioned datasets, each being efficient for specific types of versioned queries. In recent work, a hybrid storage strategy has been introduced that combines these different strategies to lead to more efficient query execution for all versioned query types at the cost of increased ingestion time. While this trade-off is beneficial in the context of Web querying, it suffers from exponential ingestion times in terms of the number of versions, which becomes problematic for RDF datasets with many versions. As such, there is a need for an improved storage strategy that scales better in terms of ingestion time for many versions. We have designed, implemented, and evaluated a change to the hybrid storage strategy where we make use of a bidirectional delta chain instead of the default unidirectional delta chain. In this article, we introduce a concrete architecture for this change, together with accompanying ingestion and querying algorithms. Experimental results from our implementation show that the ingestion time is significantly reduced. As an additional benefit, this change also leads to lower total storage size and even improved query execution performance in some cases. This work shows that modifying the structure of delta chains within the hybrid storage strategy can be highly beneficial for RDF archives. In future work, other modifications to this delta chain structure deserve to be investigated, to further improve the scalability of ingestion and querying of datasets with many versions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-210449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T18:56:48Z","timestamp":1634324208000},"page":"705-734","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Optimizing storage of RDF archives using bidirectional delta chains"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ruben","family":"Taelman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University \u2013 imec, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thibault","family":"Mahieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University \u2013 imec, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vanbrabant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University \u2013 imec, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ruben","family":"Verborgh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IDLab, Department of Electronics and Information Systems, Ghent University \u2013 imec, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref1","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Anderson and A.\u00a0Bendiken, Transaction-time queries in dydra, in: Joint Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Managing the Evolution and Preservation of the Data Web (MEPDaW 2016) and the 3rd Workshop on Linked Data Quality (LDQ 2016), 2016, pp.\u00a011\u201319."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2018.08.002"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52","article-title":"Dbpedia: A nucleus for a web of open data","author":"Auer","year":"2007","journal-title":"The semantic web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref4","first-page":"5","article-title":"Version control for RDF triple stores","volume":"7","author":"Cassidy","year":"2007","journal-title":"ICSOFT (ISDM\/EHST\/DC)"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/DCC.2016.40"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref6","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Cuevas and A.\u00a0Hogan, Versioned queries over RDF archives: All you need is SPARQL? in: Proceedings of the Workshop on Managing the Evolution and Preservation of the Data Web (MEPDaW), 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2013.01.002","article-title":"Binary RDF representation for publication and exchange (HDT)","volume":"19","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref9","unstructured":"J.D.\u00a0Fern\u00e1ndez, A.\u00a0Polleres and J.\u00a0Umbrich, Towards efficient archiving of dynamic linked open data, in: Proceedings of te First DIACHRON Workshop on Managing the Evolution and Preservation of the Data Web, 2015, pp.\u00a034\u201349."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-180309"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1109\/TCSVT.2003.814963","article-title":"Generalized B pictures and the draft H. 264\/AVC video-compression standard","volume":"13","author":"Flierl","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref12","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Gao, J.\u00a0Gu and C.\u00a0Zaniolo, RDF-TX: A fast, user-friendly system for querying the history of RDF knowledge bases, in: Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Extending DatabaseTechnology, 2016, pp.\u00a0269\u2013280."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref13","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Graube, S.\u00a0Hensel and L.\u00a0Urbas, R43ples: Revisions for triples, in: Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on Linked Data Quality co-located with 10th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS 2014), 2014."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref15","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Hauptmann, M.\u00a0Brocco and W.\u00a0W\u00f6rndl, Scalable semantic version control for linked data management, in: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Linked Data Quality co-located with 12th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2015), 2015."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218194012500040","article-title":"A version management framework for RDF triple stores","volume":"22","author":"Im","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Software Engineering and Knowledge Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1109\/MIC.2002.1067737","article-title":"A semantic web toolkit","volume":"6","author":"McBride","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Internet computing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2814864.2814875"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.14778\/1453856.1453927","article-title":"RDF-3X: A RISC-style engine for RDF","volume":"1","author":"Neumann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.14778\/1920841.1920877","article-title":"x-RDF-3X: Fast querying, high update rates, and consistency for RDF databases","volume":"3","author":"Neumann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-210434","article-title":"Towards fully-fledged archiving for RDF datasets","author":"Pelgrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semantic Web Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00668-6_15"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2018.08.001","article-title":"Triple storage for random-access versioned querying of RDF archives","volume":"54","author":"Taelman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Taelman, M.\u00a0Vander Sande and R.\u00a0Verborgh, Versioned querying with OSTRICH and comunica in MOCHA 2018, in: Proceedings of the 5th SemWebEval Challenge at ESWC 2018, 2018.","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3186960"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref26","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Taelman, M.\u00a0Vander Sande, R.\u00a0Verborgh and E.\u00a0Mannens, Versioned triple pattern fragments: A low-cost linked data interface feature for Web archives, in: Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Managing the Evolution and Preservation of the Data Web, 2017."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Taelman, R.\u00a0Verborgh and E.\u00a0Mannens, Exposing RDF archives using triple pattern fragments, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management: Posters and Demos, 2016.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58694-6_29"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1002\/spe.4380150703","article-title":"RCS \u2013 a system for version control","volume":"15","author":"Tichy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Software: Practice and Experience"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref30","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Vander Sande, P.\u00a0Colpaert, R.\u00a0Verborgh, S.\u00a0Coppens, E.\u00a0Mannens and R.\u00a0Van de Walle, R&Wbase: Git for triples, in: Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, 2013."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2016.03.003","article-title":"Triple pattern fragments: A low-cost knowledge graph interface for the Web","author":"Verborgh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-210449_ref32","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Volkel, W.\u00a0Winkler, Y.\u00a0Sure, S.R.\u00a0Kruk and M.\u00a0Synak, Semversion: A versioning system for RDF and ontologies, in: Second European Semantic Web Conference, ESWC 2005, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, May 29\u2013June 1, 2005, Proceedings, 2005."}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-210449","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:13Z","timestamp":1777613173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-210449"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Aidan","family":"Hogan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de Chile, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-210449","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]}}}