{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T20:06:52Z","timestamp":1781813212578,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":213,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Analyzing statements of facts and claims in online discourse is subject of a multitude of research areas. Methods from natural language processing and computational linguistics help investigate issues such as the spread of biased narratives and falsehoods on the Web. Related tasks include fact-checking, stance detection and argumentation mining. Knowledge-based approaches, in particular works in knowledge base construction and augmentation, are concerned with mining, verifying and representing factual knowledge. While all these fields are concerned with strongly related notions, such as claims, facts and evidence, terminology and conceptualisations used across and within communities vary heavily, making it hard to assess commonalities and relations of related works and how research in one field may contribute to address problems in another. We survey the state-of-the-art from a range of fields in this interdisciplinary area across a range of research tasks. We assess varying definitions and propose a conceptual model \u2013 Open Claims \u2013 for claims and related notions that takes into consideration their inherent complexity, distinguishing between their meaning, linguistic representation and context. We also introduce an implementation of this model by using established vocabularies and discuss applications across various tasks related to online discourse analysis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-212838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T13:26:09Z","timestamp":1641907569000},"page":"793-827","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Beyond facts \u2013 a survey and conceptualisation of claims in online discourse analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Katarina","family":"Boland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"KTS, GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8, 50667 Cologne, Germany. E-mail:\u00a0katarina.boland@gesis.org"},{"name":"Data and Knowledge Engineering, University of D\u00fcsseldorf, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 1, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. E-mail:\u00a0stefan.dietze@hhu.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavlos","family":"Fafalios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Computer Science, FORTH-ICS, N. Plastira 100, 70013 Heraklion, Crete, Greece. E-mail:\u00a0fafalios@ics.forth.gr"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andon","family":"Tchechmedjiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, University of Montpellier, IMT Mines Al\u00e8s, Al\u00e8s, France. E-mail:\u00a0andon.tchechmedjiev@mines-ales.fr"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Dietze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KTS, GESIS \u2013 Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences, Unter Sachsenhausen 6-8, 50667 Cologne, Germany. E-mail:\u00a0katarina.boland@gesis.org"},{"name":"Data and Knowledge Engineering, University of D\u00fcsseldorf, Universit\u00e4tsstr. 1, 40225 D\u00fcsseldorf, Germany. E-mail:\u00a0stefan.dietze@hhu.de"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantin","family":"Todorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LIRMM, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 161 Rue Ada, 34095 Montpellier, France. E-mail:\u00a0konstantin.todorov@lirmm.fr"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4505"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-1081"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2109"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Akbik, T.\u00a0Bergmann and R.\u00a0Vollgraf, Pooled contextualized embeddings for named entity recognition, in: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long and Short Papers), Association for Computational Linguistics, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 2019, pp.\u00a0724\u2013728. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/N19-1078, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/N19-1078.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1078"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref5","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Akbik, D.\u00a0Blythe and R.\u00a0Vollgraf, Contextual string embeddings for sequence labeling, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2018, pp.\u00a01638\u20131649, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C18-1139."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref6","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Al-Bakri, M.\u00a0Atencia, S.\u00a0Lalande and M.-C.\u00a0Rousset, Inferring same-as facts from linked data: An iterative import-by-query approach, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Ninth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI\u201915, 2015, pp.\u00a09\u201315, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aaai.org\/ocs\/index.php\/AAAI\/AAAI15\/paper\/view\/9508\/9218."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6231"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/coin.12017","article-title":"A survey of techniques for event detection in Twitter","volume":"31","author":"Atefeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Computational Intelligence"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-150180","article-title":"Distantly supervised web relation extraction for knowledge base population","volume":"7","author":"Augenstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1084"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1522"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Bar-Haim, I.\u00a0Bhattacharya, F.\u00a0Dinuzzo, A.\u00a0Saha and N.\u00a0Slonim, Stance classification of context-dependent claims, in: Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Volume 1, Long Papers, Association for Computational Linguistics, Valencia, Spain, 2017, pp.\u00a0251\u2013261, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/E17-1024.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-1024"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5104"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpu011","article-title":"Birds of the same feather tweet together: Bayesian ideal point estimation using Twitter data","volume":"23","author":"Barber\u00e1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref16","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Barr\u00f3n-Cede\u00f1o, T.\u00a0Elsayed, R.\u00a0Suwaileh, L.\u00a0M\u00e0rquez, P.\u00a0Atanasova, W.\u00a0Zaghouani, S.\u00a0Kyuchukov, G.\u00a0Da San Martino and P.\u00a0Nakov, Overview of the CLEF-2018 CheckThat! Lab on automatic identification and verification of political claims. Task 2: Factuality, in: Working Notes of CLEF 2018 \u2013 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2018 Working Notes, 2018, p.\u00a013, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2125\/invited_paper_14.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.insights-1.11"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00671-6_38"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262026437.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3191577"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2014.04.048","article-title":"Using non-lexical features for identifying factual and opinionative threads in online forums","volume":"69","author":"Biyani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref22","unstructured":"D.M.\u00a0Blei and J.D.\u00a0McAuliffe, Supervised topic models, in: Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems, NIPS\u201907, Curran Associates Inc., Red Hook, NY, USA, 2007, pp.\u00a0121\u2013128. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1003.0783."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref23","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Boland, P.\u00a0Fafalios, A.\u00a0Tchechmedjiev, K.\u00a0Todorov and S.\u00a0Dietze, Modeling and contextualizing claims, in: Second International Workshop on Contextualized Knowledge Graphs (CKG2019) @ ISWC, 2019, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2599\/CKG2019_paper_1.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/766"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-0504"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188727"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S17-2"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1431"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1053"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1108\/OIR-03-2018-0068","article-title":"A bibliometric analysis of event detection in social media","volume":"43","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Online Information Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-6607"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref33","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Cohen, C.\u00a0Li, J.\u00a0Yang and C.\u00a0Yu, Computational journalism: A call to arms to database researchers, in: 5th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR\u201911), Asilomar, California, USA, 2011, pp.\u00a0148\u2013151."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Dagan, O.\u00a0Glickman and B.\u00a0Magnini, \u201cthe Pascal recognising textual entailment challenge,\u201d in machine learning challenges. Evaluating predictive uncertainty, visual object classification, and recognising tectual entailment, in: Lecture Notes in Computer Science, J.\u00a0Qui\u00f1onero-Candela, I.\u00a0Dagan, B.\u00a0Magnini and F.\u00a0d\u2019Alch\u00e9 Buc, eds, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2006, pp.\u00a0177\u2013190. https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1007\/11736790_9.","DOI":"10.1007\/11736790_9"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Daxenberger, S.\u00a0Eger, I.\u00a0Habernal, C.\u00a0Stab and I.\u00a0Gurevych, What is the essence of a claim? Cross-domain claim identification, in: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Association for Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017, pp.\u00a02055\u20132066. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/D17-1218, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D17-1218.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1218"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412765"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2623330.2623623"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/557"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3331184.3331282"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1456"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1105"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-93417-4_12"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1138"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324904003523","article-title":"UIMA: An architectural approach to unstructured information processing in the corporate research environment","volume":"10","author":"Ferrucci","year":"2004","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Fierro, C.\u00a0Fuentes, J.\u00a0P\u00e9rez and M.\u00a0Quezada, 200K+ crowdsourced political arguments for a new Chilean constitution, in: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Argument Mining, Association for Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017, pp.\u00a01\u201310. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/W17-5101, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/W17-5101.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5101"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2018\/522"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3290996"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2488388.2488425"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-38288-8_24"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Gerber, D.\u00a0Esteves, J.\u00a0Lehmann, L.\u00a0B\u00fchmann, R.\u00a0Usbeck, A.-C.N.\u00a0Ngomo and R.\u00a0Speck, DeFacto \u2013 temporal and multilingual deep fact validation, in: Web Semantics: Science, Services and Agents on the World Wide Web, Vol.\u00a035, 2015. https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.websem.2015.08.001.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3198925"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref51","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Ghanem, G.\u00a0Glavas, A.\u00a0Giachanou, S.\u00a0Paolo, P.\u00a0Rosso and F.\u00a0Rangel, UPV-UMA at CheckThat! Lab: Verifying Arabic claims using a cross lingual approach, in: Working Notes of CLEF 2019 \u2013 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2019 Working Notes, Lugano, Switzerland, 2019, p.\u00a010, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2380\/paper_91.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5510"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2106"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2880192","article-title":"A semi-supervised approach to message stance classification","volume":"32","author":"Giasemidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.M.\u00a0Gonz\u00e1lez Pinto and W.-T.\u00a0Balke, Offering answers for claim-based queries: A new challenge for digital libraries, in: Digital Libraries: Data, Information, and Knowledge for Digital Lives, S.\u00a0Choemprayong, F.\u00a0Crestani and S.J.\u00a0Cunningham, eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2017, pp.\u00a03\u201313. https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-70232-2_1.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-70232-2_1"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.M.\u00a0Gonz\u00e1lez Pinto and W.-T.\u00a0Balke, Scientific claims characterization for claim-based analysis in digital libraries, in: Digital Libraries for Open Knowledge, E.\u00a0M\u00e9ndez, F.\u00a0Crestani, C.\u00a0Ribeiro, G.\u00a0David and J.C.\u00a0Lopes, eds, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol.\u00a011057, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018, pp.\u00a0257\u2013269. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/978-3-030-00066-0_22, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-030-00066-0_22.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00066-0_22"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCDL.2019.00038"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S19-2147"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-85481-4_12"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2113"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref63","unstructured":"G.M.\u00a0Green, Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, 2nd edn, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hilldale, NJ, 1996."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2102"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-0502"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5213"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref67","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Guggilla, T.\u00a0Miller and I.\u00a0Gurevych, CNN- and LSTM-based claim classification in online user comments, in: Proceedings of COLING 2016, the 26th International Conference on Computational Linguistics: Technical Papers, The COLING 2016 Organizing Committee, Osaka, Japan, 2016, pp.\u00a02740\u20132751, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C16-1258."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00276","article-title":"Argumentation mining in user-generated web discourse","volume":"43","author":"Habernal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1007\/s10462-019-09796-3","article-title":"A survey of semantic relatedness evaluation datasets and procedures","volume":"53","author":"Hadj Taieb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref70","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Hanselowski, A.\u00a0Pvs, B.\u00a0Schiller, F.\u00a0Caspelherr, D.\u00a0Chaudhuri, C.M.\u00a0Meyer and I.\u00a0Gurevych, A retrospective analysis of the fake news challenge stance-detection task, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2018, p.\u00a016."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5516"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316736"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0165551517698564","article-title":"A survey on real-time event detection from the Twitter data stream","volume":"44","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Information Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref74","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Hasanain, R.\u00a0Suwaileh, T.\u00a0Elsayed, A.\u00a0Barron-Cedeno and P.\u00a0Nakov, Overview of the CLEF-2019 CheckThat! Lab: Automatic identification and verification of claims. Task 2: Evidence and factuality, in: Working Notes of CLEF 2019 \u2013 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2019 Working Notes, 2019, p.\u00a015, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2380\/paper_270.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref75","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Hassan, B.\u00a0Adair, J.T.\u00a0Hamilton, C.\u00a0Li, M.\u00a0Tremayne, J.\u00a0Yang and C.\u00a0Yu, The quest to automate fact-checking, in: Proceedings of the 2015 Computation+ Journalism Symposium, 2015, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/cj2015.brown.columbia.edu\/papers\/automate-fact-checking.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098131"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308560.3316734"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.14778\/3137765.3137815","article-title":"ClaimBuster: The first-ever end-to-end fact-checking system","volume":"10","author":"Hassan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2115"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W17-5102"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1031"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3191616"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/pbns.54"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref84","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Jentzsch, R.\u00a0Isele and C.\u00a0Bizer, Silk \u2013 generating RDF links while publishing or consuming linked data, in: 9th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC\u201910), 2010, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-658\/paper519.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380231"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Joseph, L.\u00a0Friedland, W.\u00a0Hobbs, D.\u00a0Lazer and O.\u00a0Tsur, ConStance: Modeling annotation contexts to improve stance classification, in: Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Association for Computational Linguistics, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2017, pp.\u00a01115\u20131124. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/aclweb.org\/anthology\/D17-1116, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.18653\/v1\/D17-1116.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1116"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W15-0501"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3412869"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4518"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref90","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Krestel, S.\u00a0Bergler and R.\u00a0Witte, Minding the source: Automatic tagging of reported speech in newspaper articles, in: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC\u201908), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Marrakech, Morocco, 2008, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/www.lrec-conf.org\/proceedings\/lrec2008\/pdf\/718_paper.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3369026","article-title":"Stance detection: A survey","volume":"53","author":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-62434-1_13"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5203"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5206"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1162\/coli_a_00364","article-title":"Argument mining: A survey","volume":"45","author":"Lawrence","year":"2019","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref97","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Levy, B.\u00a0Bogin, S.\u00a0Gretz, R.\u00a0Aharonov and N.\u00a0Slonim, Towards an argumentative content search engine using weak supervision, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2018, pp.\u00a02066\u20132081, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C18-1176."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-2817"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.3301981"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2017.2775047","article-title":"An argumentation-based perspective over the social IoT","volume":"5","author":"Lippi","year":"2018","journal-title":"IEEE Internet of Things Journal"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref101","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Lippi and P.\u00a0Torroni, Context-independent claim detection for argument mining, in: Proceedings of the 24th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, IJCAI\u201915, AAAI Press, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 2015, pp.\u00a0185\u2013191, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.ijcai.org\/Proceedings\/15\/Papers\/033.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Lippi and P.\u00a0Torroni, Argument mining from speech: Detecting claims in political debates, in: Proceedings of the Thirtieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, AAAI\u201916, AAAI Press, Phoenix, Arizona, 2016, pp.\u00a02979\u20132985, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/AAAI\/article\/view\/10384.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10384"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.08.050","article-title":"MARGOT: A web server for argumentation mining","volume":"65","author":"Lippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2850417","article-title":"Argumentation mining: State of the art and emerging trends","volume":"16","author":"Lippi","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Internet Technology"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1153"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1441"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5208"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188729"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442442.3458601"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-180333","article-title":"Information extraction meets the semantic web: A survey","volume":"11","author":"Martinez-Rodriguez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref111","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Mayer, E.\u00a0Cabrio, M.\u00a0Lippi, P.\u00a0Torroni and S.\u00a0Villata, Argument mining on clinical trials, in: COMMA 2018\u20137th International Conference on Computational Models of Argument Proceedings, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol.\u00a0305, Warsaw, Poland, 2018, pp.\u00a0137\u2013148, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-01876462."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5204"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2200\/S00741ED1V01Y201611WBE015"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Mihaylova, P.\u00a0Nakov, L.\u00a0Marquez, A.\u00a0Barron-Cedeno, M.\u00a0Mohtarami, G.\u00a0Karadzhov and J.\u00a0Glass, Fact checking in community forums, in: AAAI 2018, 2018, pp.\u00a05309\u20135316, arXiv:1803.03178 [cs].","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11983"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3105961"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/S16-1003"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref117","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Mohtaj, T.\u00a0Himmelsbach, V.\u00a0Woloszyn and S.\u00a0Moller, Using external knowledge bases and coreference resolution for detecting check-worthy statements, in: Working Notes of CLEF 2019 \u2013 Conference and Labs of the Evaluation Forum, CLEF 2019 Working Notes, Lugano, Switzerland, 2019, p.\u00a08, [Online]. Available at http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2380\/paper_94.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-4014"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-150210","article-title":"A survey of current link discovery frameworks","volume":"8","author":"Nentwig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4515"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref121","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Newell, T.\u00a0Cowlishaw and D.\u00a0Man, Quote extraction and analysis for news, in: Data Science, Journalism & Media @KDD 2018 International Conference on Knowledge Discover and Data Mining, 2018, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/research.signal-ai.com\/assets\/RnD_at_the_BBC__and_quotes.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref122","unstructured":"E.\u00a0Newell, D.\u00a0Margolin and D.\u00a0Ruths, An attribution relations corpus for political news, in: Proceedings of the Eleventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2018), European Language Resources Association (ELRA), Miyazaki, Japan, 2018, p.\u00a08, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/L18-1524\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref123","unstructured":"A.-C.N.\u00a0Ngomo and S.\u00a0Auer, LIMES: A time-efficient approach for large-scale link discovery on the web of data, in: Proceedings of the Twenty-Second International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence \u2013 Volume Three, IJCAI\u201911, AAAI Press, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, 2011, pp.\u00a02312\u20132317, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.ijcai.org\/Proceedings\/11\/Papers\/385.pdf."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1107"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1091"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2736277.2741688"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33016859"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref128","unstructured":"T.\u00a0O\u2019Keefe, S.\u00a0Pareti, J.R.\u00a0Curran, I.\u00a0Koprinska and M.\u00a0Honnibal, A sequence labelling approach to quote attribution, in: Proceedings of the 2012 Joint Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and Computational Natural Language Learning, Association for Computational Linguistics, Jeju Island, Korea, 2012, pp.\u00a0790\u2013799. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/D12-1072."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4503"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5527"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1049"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1568234.1568246"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1561\/1500000011","article-title":"Opinion mining and sentiment analysis","volume":"2","author":"Pang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2105"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref137","unstructured":"M.J.\u00a0Paul, C.\u00a0Zhai and R.\u00a0Girju, Summarizing contrastive viewpoints in opinionated text, in: Proceedings of the 2010 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, EMNLP\u201910, Association for Computational Linguistics, USA, 2010, pp.\u00a066\u201376. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D10-1007\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Pavllo, T.\u00a0Piccardi and R.\u00a0West, Quootstrap: Scalable unsupervised extraction of quotation-speaker pairs from large news corpora via bootstrapping, in: Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018), ICWSM 2018, 2018, pp.\u00a0231\u2013240. arXiv:1804.02525.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15006"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4018\/jcini.2013010101","article-title":"From argument diagrams to argumentation mining in texts: A survey","volume":"7","author":"Peldszus","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-40285-2_18"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22028\/D291-30005"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3041021.3055133"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W19-4517"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3201064.3201076"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-2804"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D17-1317"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1054"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312714535679","article-title":"Academic urban legends","volume":"44","author":"Rekdal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Social Studies of Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1050"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2016.01.001","article-title":"Semantic web in data mining and knowledge discovery: A comprehensive survey","volume":"36","author":"Ristoski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSC.2012.59"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2015.12.004","article-title":"Building event-centric knowledge graphs from news","volume":"37\u201338","author":"Rospocher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-021-00642-z"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref155","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Salway, P.\u00a0Meurer, K.\u00a0Hofland and \u00d8.\u00a0Reigem, Quote extraction and attribution from Norwegian newspapers, in: Proceedings of the 21st Nordic Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Gothenburg, Sweden, 2017, pp.\u00a0293\u2013297, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/W17-0241."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P16-1164"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref157","unstructured":"E.\u00a0Schiappa and J.P.\u00a0Nordin, Argumentation: Keeping Faith with Reason, Pearson Education, 2013, google-Books-ID, ZOn8nQEACAAJ."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13218-021-00714-w"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J.R.\u00a0Searle, Speech Acts. an Essay in the Philosophy of Language, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1969.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139173438"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.110"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.acl-main.332"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3305260","article-title":"Combating fake news: A survey on identification and mitigation techniques","volume":"10","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2014.2327028","article-title":"Entity linking with a knowledge base: Issues, techniques, and solutions","volume":"27","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2095"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1012"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1835449.1835643"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1006"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1162\/COLI_a_00295","article-title":"Parsing argumentation structures in persuasive essays","volume":"43","author":"Stab","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-6613"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Starbird, Examining the alternative media ecosystem through the production of alternative narratives of mass shooting events on Twitter, in: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM), Vol.\u00a011, 2017, pp.\u00a0230\u2013239, number: 1. [Online]. Available at https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/ICWSM\/article\/view\/14878.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v11i1.14878"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Starbird, A.\u00a0Arif, T.\u00a0Wilson, K.V.\u00a0Koevering, K.\u00a0Yefimova and D.\u00a0Scarnecchia, Ecosystem or echo-system? Exploring content sharing across alternative media domains, in: Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2018, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/ICWSM\/article\/view\/15009.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15009"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref174","unstructured":"Q.\u00a0Sun, Z.\u00a0Wang, Q.\u00a0Zhu and G.\u00a0Zhou, Stance detection with hierarchical attention network, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2018, pp.\u00a02399\u20132409, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C18-1203."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref175","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_36"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref176","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30796-7_20"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30671-1_39"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref178","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132897"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref179","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/E17-3010"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref180","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Thorne and A.\u00a0Vlachos, Automated fact checking: Task formulations, methods and future directions, in: Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Association for Computational Linguistics, Santa Fe, New Mexico, USA, 2018, pp.\u00a03346\u20133359, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/www.aclweb.org\/anthology\/C18-1283."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref182","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1074"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref183","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-55"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-66"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref185","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W16-2814"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref186","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5207"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Trabelsi and O.R.\u00a0Zaiane, Unsupervised model for topic viewpoint discovery in online debates leveraging author interactions, in: Proceedings of the Twelfth International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media (ICWSM 2018), Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2018, pp.\u00a0425\u2013433, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/ojs.aaai.org\/index.php\/ICWSM\/article\/view\/15021.","DOI":"10.1609\/icwsm.v12i1.15021"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref188","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6438"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1023"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188722"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref191","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3018661.3018709"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref192","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2005.10.002","article-title":"Semantic annotation for knowledge management: Requirements and a survey of the state of the art","volume":"4","author":"Uren","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref193","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/725"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref194","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/W14-2508"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref195","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D15-1312"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3209978.3210031"},{"issue":"6380","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref197","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aap9559","article-title":"The spread of true and false news online","volume":"359","author":"Vosoughi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref198","unstructured":"M.A.\u00a0Walker, P.\u00a0Anand, R.\u00a0Abbott and R.\u00a0Grant, Stance classification using dialogic properties of persuasion, in: Proceedings of the 2012 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, NAACL HLT\u201912, Association for Computational Linguistics, USA, 2012, pp.\u00a0592\u2013596, [Online]. Available at https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/N12-1072\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref199","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/W18-5209"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref200","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30793-6_38"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref201","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-2067"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X.\u00a0Wang, Q.Z.\u00a0Sheng, L.\u00a0Yao, X.\u00a0Li, X.S.\u00a0Fang, X.\u00a0Xu and B.\u00a0Benatallah, Empowering truth discovery with multi-truth prediction, in: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management \u2013 CIKM\u201916, ACM Press, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, 2016, pp.\u00a0881\u2013890. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2983323.2983767, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1145\/2983323.2983767.","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983767"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref203","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3188723"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref204","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-91908-9_13"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref205","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-30586-6_53"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref206","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20:1","DOI":"10.1145\/2333112.2333115","article-title":"Ontology learning from text: A look back and into the future","volume":"44","author":"Wong","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref207","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14778\/2732286.2732295"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref208","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/2996453","article-title":"Computational fact checking through query perturbations","volume":"42","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Database Systems"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2018.2837026","article-title":"Towards confidence interval estimation in truth discovery","volume":"31","author":"Xiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref210","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2123"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref211","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N16-1174"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref212","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.190745","article-title":"Truth discovery with multiple conflicting information providers on the web","volume":"20","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref213","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119355.1119372"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref214","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-180304","article-title":"KnowMore \u2013 knowledge base augmentation with structured web markup","volume":"10","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref215","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-2012-0081","article-title":"TheSoz: A SKOS representation of the thesaurus for the social sciences","volume":"4","author":"Zapilko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref216","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3308558.3313724"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Zhang, Q.\u00a0Li, F.\u00a0Ma, H.\u00a0Xiao, Y.\u00a0Li, J.\u00a0Gao and L.\u00a0Su, Influence-aware truth discovery, in: Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management \u2013 CIKM\u201916, ACM Press, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA, 2016, pp.\u00a0851\u2013860. [Online]. Available at http:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?doid=2983323.2983785, https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1145\/2983323.2983785.","DOI":"10.1145\/2983323.2983785"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref218","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2019\/754"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref219","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324912000125","article-title":"Recent advances in methods of lexical semantic relatedness \u2013 a survey","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref220","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1139"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref221","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3133182"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref222","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3289600.3291382"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref223","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24963\/ijcai.2017\/595"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-212838_ref224","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32:1","DOI":"10.1145\/3161603","article-title":"Detection and resolution of rumours in social media: A survey","volume":"51","author":"Zubiaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACM Computing Surveys"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-212838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:15Z","timestamp":1777613175000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-212838"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Philipp","family":"Cimiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bielefeld University, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"references-count":213,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-212838","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]}}}