{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:19:49Z","timestamp":1777889989893,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]],"date-time":"2022-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671062400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the rising popularity of user-generated genealogical family trees, new genealogical information systems have been developed. State-of-the-art natural question answering algorithms use deep neural network (DNN) architecture based on self-attention networks. However, some of these models use sequence-based inputs and are not suitable to work with graph-based structure, while graph-based DNN models rely on high levels of comprehensiveness of knowledge graphs that is nonexistent in the genealogical domain. Moreover, these supervised DNN models require training datasets that are absent in the genealogical domain. This study proposes an end-to-end approach for question answering using genealogical family trees by: (1) representing genealogical data as knowledge graphs, (2) converting them to texts, (3) combining them with unstructured texts, and (4) training a transformer-based question answering model. To evaluate the need for a dedicated approach, a comparison between the fine-tuned model (Uncle-BERT) trained on the auto-generated genealogical dataset and state-of-the-art question-answering models was performed. The findings indicate that there are significant differences between answering genealogical questions and open-domain questions. Moreover, the proposed methodology reduces complexity while increasing accuracy and may have practical implications for genealogical research and real-world projects, making genealogical data accessible to experts as well as the general public.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-222925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T12:39:13Z","timestamp":1642768753000},"page":"209-237","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Question answering with deep neural networks for semi-structured heterogeneous genealogical knowledge graphs"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Omri","family":"Suissa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science, Bar Ilan University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maayan","family":"Zhitomirsky-Geffet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science, Bar Ilan University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Avshalom","family":"Elmalech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Information Science, Bar Ilan University, Israel"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052583"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref2","unstructured":"J.C.\u00a0Art\u00e9s, J.\u00a0Conesa and E.\u00a0Mayol, Modeling Genealogical Domain \u2013 an Open Problem, KEOD, 2012."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1473871615621592","article-title":"Visualizing genealogy through a family-centric perspective","volume":"16","author":"Ball","year":"2017","journal-title":"Information Visualization"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref5","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Banarescu, C.\u00a0Bonial, S.\u00a0Cai, M.\u00a0Georgescu, K.\u00a0Griffitt, U.\u00a0Hermjakob and N.\u00a0Schneider, Abstract meaning representation for sembanking, in: Proceedings of the 7th Linguistic Annotation Workshop and Interoperability with Discourse, 2013, pp.\u00a0178\u2013186."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/09565690910937209"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/imanum\/8.1.141"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442381.3449917"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1109\/TVCG.2010.159","article-title":"Geneaquilts: A system for exploring large genealogies","volume":"16","author":"Bezerianos","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref11","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Bia\u0142ecki, R.\u00a0Muir, G.\u00a0Ingersoll and L.\u00a0Imagination, Apache lucene 4, in: SIGIR 2012 Workshop on Open Source Information Retrieval, 2012, p.\u00a017."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref12","unstructured":"W.\u00a0Blackstone, An essay on collateral consanguinity, its limits, extent, and duration, in: Tracts Chiefly Relating to the Antiquities and Laws of England, 3rd edn 1771, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1750."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1067"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref14","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Bordes, N.\u00a0Usunier, A.\u00a0Garcia-Duran, J.\u00a0Weston and O.\u00a0Yakhnenko, Translating embeddings for modeling multi-relational data, in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2013, pp.\u00a02787\u20132795."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/9543490"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1179"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref18","unstructured":"K.\u00a0Clark, M.T.\u00a0Luong, Q.V.\u00a0Le and C.D.\u00a0Manning, ELECTRA: Pretraining text encoders as discriminators rather than generators, in: International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.14778\/3055540.3055549","article-title":"KBQA: Learning question answering over QA corpora and knowledge bases","volume":"10","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21750"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1162\/0891201053630291","article-title":"Real versus template-based natural language generation: A false opposition?","volume":"31","author":"Deemter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Computational linguistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref22","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Devlin, M.W.\u00a0Chang, K.\u00a0Lee and K.\u00a0Toutanova, BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding, in: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Vol.\u00a01: Long and Short Papers, 2019, pp.\u00a04171\u20134186."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01386390","article-title":"A note on two problems in connexon with graphs","volume":"1","author":"Dijkstra","year":"1959","journal-title":"Numerische mathematik"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/P15-1026"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1123"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/1119355.1119371"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-67271-7_6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref28","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Fader, L.\u00a0Zettlemoyer and O.\u00a0Etzioni, Paraphrase-driven learning for open question answering, in: Proceedings of the 51st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol.\u00a01: Long Papers, 2013, pp.\u00a01608\u20131618."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.710"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P19-1222"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.596"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Gardent, A.\u00a0Shimorina, S.\u00a0Narayan and L.\u00a0Perez-Beltrachini, Creating training corpora for nlg micro-planning, in: 55th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL), 2017.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1017"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6282"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s11692-008-9046-3","article-title":"Trends in population sex ratios may be explained by changes in the frequencies of polymorphic alleles of a sex ratio gene","volume":"36","author":"Gellatly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Evolutionary biology"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19884-2_6"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2018.03.022","article-title":"Graph embedding techniques, applications, and performance: A survey","volume":"151","author":"Goyal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Knowledge-Based Systems"},{"issue":"7626","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/nature20101","article-title":"Hybrid computing using a neural network with dynamic external memory","volume":"538","author":"Graves","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2939672.2939754"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.133"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6259-0_12"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23978\/inf.76066"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.findings-emnlp.207"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref45","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Heilman and N.A.\u00a0Smith, Good question! Statistical ranking for question generation, in: Human Language Technologies: The 2010 Annual Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, 2010, pp.\u00a0609\u2013617."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref46","first-page":"1947","article-title":"A suggested taxonomy of genealogy as a multidisciplinary academic research field","volume":"4","author":"Herskovitz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Multidisciplinary Research"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref47","unstructured":"D.\u00a0Hey\u00a0(ed.), The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History, OUP, Oxford, 2010."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324901002807","article-title":"Natural language question answering: The view from here","volume":"7","author":"Hirschman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natural language engineering"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1162\/neco.1997.9.8.1735","article-title":"Long short-term memory","volume":"9","author":"Hochreiter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neural Computation"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1237"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref51","unstructured":"S.R.\u00a0Indurthi, D.\u00a0Raghu, M.M.\u00a0Khapra and S.\u00a0Joshi, Generating natural language question-answer pairs from a knowledge graph using a RNN based question generation model, in: Proceedings of the 15th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Vol.\u00a01: Long Papers, 2017, pp.\u00a0376\u2013385."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789814644730_0029"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3070843"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBDATA.2019.2921572"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref56","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Kim and R.\u00a0Mooney, Generative alignment and semantic parsing for learning from ambiguous supervision, in: Coling 2010: Posters, 2010, pp.\u00a0543\u2013551."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1842993.1843035"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1181"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref59","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Kitaev, L.\u00a0Kaiser and A.\u00a0Levskaya, Reformer: The efficient transformer, in: International Conference on Learning Representations, 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref60","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fast exact inference with a factored model for natural language parsing","volume":"15","author":"Klein","year":"2002","journal-title":"Advances in neural information processing systems"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30760-8_8"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1162\/tacl_a_00276","article-title":"Natural questions: A benchmark for question answering research","volume":"7","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transactions of the Association for Computational Linguistics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1610"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1128"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref66","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Levy and G.\u00a0Andrew, Tregex and tsurgeon: Tools for querying and manipulating tree data structures, in: LREC, 2006, pp.\u00a02231\u20132234."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2019.11.079","article-title":"Knowledge graph based natural language generation with adapted pointer-generator networks","volume":"382","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref68","unstructured":"C.Y.\u00a0Lin, Automatic question generation from queries, in: Workshop on the Question Generation Shared Task, 2008, pp.\u00a0156\u2013164."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Liu, K.\u00a0Wang, L.\u00a0Sha, B.\u00a0Chang and Z.\u00a0Sui, Table-to-text generation by structure-aware Seq2seq learning, in: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol.\u00a032, 2018.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11925"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBK50248.2020.00081"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1147\/rd.14.0309","article-title":"A statistical approach to mechanized encoding and searching of literary information","volume":"1","author":"Luhn","year":"1957","journal-title":"IBM Journal of research and development"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3038912.3052675"},{"issue":"6385","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aat2634","article-title":"Crowdsourced genealogies and genomes","volume":"360","author":"Lussier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/INFVIS.2005.1532124"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324903003188","article-title":"An augmented template-based approach to text realization","volume":"9","author":"McRoy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Natural Language Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref78","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Mikolov, I.\u00a0Sutskever, K.\u00a0Chen, G.S.\u00a0Corrado and J.\u00a0Dean, Distributed representations of words and phrases and their compositionality, in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2013, pp.\u00a03111\u20133119."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Mitra and C.\u00a0Baral, Addressing a question answering challenge by combining statistical methods with inductive rule learning and reasoning, in: AAAI, 2016, pp.\u00a02779\u20132785.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v30i1.10354"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62419-4_24"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132218.3132229"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412159"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.findings-acl.48","article-title":"KGPool: Dynamic knowledge graph context selection for relation extraction","volume":"2021","author":"Nadgeri","year":"2021","journal-title":"Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL-IJCNLP"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artint.2012.07.001","article-title":"BabelNet: The automatic construction, evaluation and application of a wide-coverage multilingual semantic network","volume":"193","author":"Navigli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/00045608.2012.700607","article-title":"Genealogy, migration, and the intertwined geographies of personal pasts","volume":"103","author":"Otterstrom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annals of the Association of American Geographers"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872427.2874809"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3115\/v1\/D14-1162"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N18-1202"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref90","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Radford, J.\u00a0Wu, R.\u00a0Child, D.\u00a0Luan, D.\u00a0Amodei and I.\u00a0Sutskever, Language models are unsupervised multitask learners, OpenAI blog 1(8) (2019), 9."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-2124"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D16-1264"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-1410"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1109\/TNN.2008.2005605","article-title":"The graph neural network model","volume":"20","author":"Scarselli","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref96","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Schaffer, O.\u00a0Gustke, J.\u00a0Oldemeier and N.\u00a0Reithinger, Towards chatbots in the museum, in: mobileCH@ Mobile HCI, 2018."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1109\/78.650093","article-title":"Bidirectional recurrent neural networks","volume":"45","author":"Schuster","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2740908.2742722"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Sha, L.\u00a0Mou, T.\u00a0Liu, P.\u00a0Poupart, S.\u00a0Li, B.\u00a0Chang and Z.\u00a0Sui, Order-planning neural text generation from structured data, in: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol.\u00a032, 2018.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.11947"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.13110\/jewifilmnewmedi.8.1.0023","article-title":"The savior and the survivor: Virtual afterlives in new media","volume":"8","author":"Shandler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jewish Film & New Media"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18293\/SEKE2017-079"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26146","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2019.2900753","article-title":"Transformer-based neural network for answer selection in question answering","volume":"7","author":"Shao","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBK.2019.00037"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref105","first-page":"35","article-title":"Modern information retrieval: A brief overview","volume":"24","author":"Singhal","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Data Eng. Bull."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P18-1150"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Speer, J.\u00a0Chin and C.\u00a0Havasi, ConceptNet 5.5: An open multilingual graph of general knowledge, in: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vol.\u00a031, 2017.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v31i1.11164"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Stenzhorn, Xtragena natural language generation system using xml-and Java-technologies, in: COLING-02: The 2nd Workshop on NLP and XML (NLPXML-2002), 2002.","DOI":"10.3115\/1118808.1118821"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1108\/AJIM-07-2019-0189","article-title":"Toward the optimized crowdsourcing strategy for OCR post-correction","volume":"72","author":"Suissa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aslib Journal of Information Management."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.24544"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1017\/pan.2019.32","article-title":"Crowdsourcing reliable local data","volume":"28","author":"Sumner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref113","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Sutskever, O.\u00a0Vinyals and Q.V.\u00a0Le, Sequence to sequence learning with neural networks, International Journal of Computer Vision (2014)."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref115","unstructured":"R.\u00a0van den Berg, T.N.\u00a0Kipf and M.\u00a0Welling, Graph convolutional matrix completion, Stat 1050 (2017), 25."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref116","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Vaswani, N.\u00a0Shazeer, N.\u00a0Parmar, J.\u00a0Uszkoreit, L.\u00a0Jones, A.N.\u00a0Gomez and I.\u00a0Polosukhin, Attention is all you need, in: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 2017, pp.\u00a05998\u20136008."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref117","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Wang and J.\u00a0Jiang, Machine comprehension using match-LSTM and answer pointer, in: ICLR 2017: International Conference on Learning Representations, Proceedings, Toulon, France, April 24\u201326, 2016, pp.\u00a01\u201315."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-main.729"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Wang, M.\u00a0Yu, X.\u00a0Guo, Z.\u00a0Wang, T.\u00a0Klinger, W.\u00a0Zhang, S.\u00a0Chang, G.\u00a0Tesauro, B.\u00a0Zhou and J.\u00a0Jiang, R3: Reinforced ranker-reader for open-domain question answering, in: AAAI, 2018.","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v32i1.12053"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/P17-1018"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2855","article-title":"Sleep-spindle detection: Crowdsourcing and evaluating performance of experts, non-experts and automated methods","volume":"11","author":"Warby","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature methods"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref124","unstructured":"M.\u00a0White and T.\u00a0Caldwell, EXEMPLARS: A practical, extensible framework for dynamic text generation, in: Natural Language Generation, 1998."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(00)01303-5","article-title":"Usefulness of cardiovascular family history data for population-based preventive medicine and medical research (the Health Family Tree Study and the NHLBI Family Heart Study)","volume":"87","author":"Williams","year":"2001","journal-title":"The American journal of cardiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2020.emnlp-demos.6"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.embor.7400843","article-title":"Genetic genealogy goes global: Although useful in investigating ancestry, the application of genetics to traditional genealogy could be abused","volume":"7","author":"Wolinsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO reports"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-1323"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/N19-4013"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v33i01.33017370"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v34i05.6511"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3366423.3380197"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D18-1424"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.14778\/3236187.3236192","article-title":"Question answering over knowledge graphs: Question understanding via template decomposition","volume":"11","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-32233-5_2"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCV.2015.11"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-222925_ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2588555.2610525"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-222925","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:26:30Z","timestamp":1777613190000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-222925"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIZ Karlsruhe \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Daga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Open University, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"van Erp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KNAW Humanities Cluster, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Hyv\u00f6nen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Helsinki, Aalto University, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert Mero\u00f1o","family":"Pe\u00f1uela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harald","family":"Sack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FIZ Karlsruhe \u2013 Leibniz Institute for Information Infrastructure, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehwish","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"de Boer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Daga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marieke","family":"van Erp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eero","family":"Hyvonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Mero\u00f1o-Pe\u00f1uela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-222925","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,15]]}}}