{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T01:53:08Z","timestamp":1769392388740,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]],"date-time":"2024-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714435200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Maintenance of assets is a multi-million dollar cost each year for asset intensive organisations in the defence, manufacturing, resource and infrastructure sectors. These costs are tracked though maintenance work order (MWO) records. MWO records contain structured data for dates, costs, and asset identification and unstructured text describing the work required, for example \u2018replace leaking pump\u2019. Our focus in this paper is on data quality for maintenance activity terms in MWO records (e.g. replace, repair, adjust and inspect). We present two contributions in this paper. First, we propose a reference ontology for maintenance activity terms. We use natural language processing to identify seven core maintenance activity terms and their synonyms from 800,000 MWOs. We provide elucidations for these seven terms. Second, we demonstrate use of the reference ontology in an application-level ontology using an industrial use case. The end-to-end NLP-ontology pipeline identifies data quality issues with 55% of the MWO records for a centrifugal pump over 8 years. For the 33% of records where a verb was not provided in the unstructured text, the ontology can infer a relevant activity class. The selection of the maintenance activity terms is informed by the ISO 14224 and ISO 15926-4 standards and conforms to ISO\/IEC 21838-2 Basic Formal Ontology (BFO). The reference and application ontologies presented here provide an example for how industrial organisations can augment their maintenance work management processes with ontological workflows to improve data quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-233299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]],"date-time":"2023-05-30T11:32:12Z","timestamp":1685446332000},"page":"319-352","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An ontology for maintenance activities and its application to data quality"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Woods","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Selway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial AI Research Centre, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Bikaun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Stumptner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial AI Research Centre, UniSA STEM, University of South Australia, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Hodkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering University of Western Australia, Crawley, 6009, Australia"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2021.114820"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/2021.emnlp-demo.25"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Bikaun and M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, Semi-automated estimation of reliability measures from maintenance work order records, in: PHMME 2021: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2021, P.\u00a0Do, S.\u00a0King and O.\u00a0Fink, eds, Vol.\u00a06, The PHM Society, Turin, Italy, 2021, pp.\u00a09\u201319.","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2021.v6i1.2950"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1017\/S0890060409000079","article-title":"A formal ontological perspective on the behaviors and functions of technical artifacts","volume":"23","author":"Borgo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing (AI EDAM)"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref5","unstructured":"S.\u00a0Borgo, M.\u00a0Carrara, P.\u00a0Garbacz and P.E.\u00a0Vermaas, Formalizations of functions within the DOLCE ontology, in: Proceedings of the Eighth International Symposium on Tools and Methods of Competitive Engineering TMCE, I.\u00a0Horvath, F.\u00a0Mandorli and Z.\u00a0Rusak, eds, Vol.\u00a01, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands, 2010, pp.\u00a0113\u2013126."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mfglet.2020.11.001","article-title":"Technical language processing: Unlocking maintenance knowledge","volume":"27","author":"Brundage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Manufacturing Letters"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4044105"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref9","first-page":"84","article-title":"Ontology-based framework for maintenance activity analysis and support: A case study for petroleum plant","volume":"5","author":"Chilamkurti","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Conte, C.\u00a0Bolland, L.\u00a0Phan, M.\u00a0Brundage and T.\u00a0Sexton, The impact of data quality on maintenance work order analysis: A case study in historical HVAC maintenance work orders, in: PHMME 2021: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2021, P.\u00a0Do, S.\u00a0King and O.\u00a0Fink, eds, Vol.\u00a06, The PHM Society, Turin, Italy, 2021, pp.\u00a011.","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2021.v6i1.2814"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref11","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Deutsch and P.\u00a0Garbacz, Relative identity, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Winter 2022 Edn, E.N.\u00a0Zalta and U.\u00a0Nodelman, eds, 2022, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ail2.33"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y.\u00a0Gao, C.\u00a0Woods, W.\u00a0Liu, T.\u00a0French and M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, Pipeline for machine reading of unstructured maintenance work order records, in: Proceedings of the 30th. European Safety and Reliability Conference and 15th. Probabilistic Safety Assessment and Management Conference, Venice, Italy, 2020.","DOI":"10.3850\/978-981-14-8593-0_3888-cd"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Guarino, Artefactual systems, missing component and replaceability, in: Artefact Kinds: Ontology and the Human-Made World, M.\u00a0Franssen, P.\u00a0Kroes, T.A.C.\u00a0Reydon and P.E.\u00a0Vermaas, eds, Synthese Library, Vol.\u00a0365, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2014, pp.\u00a0191\u2013206.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00801-1_11"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1108\/JQME-04-2015-0013","article-title":"Cleaning historical maintenance work order data for reliability analysis","volume":"22","author":"Hodkiewicz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Quality in Maintenance Engineering"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2021.103496"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36001\/ijphm.2021.v12i1.2932"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref18","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz and N.\u00a0Montgomery, Data fitness for purpose: Assessing the quality of industrial data for use in mathematical models, in: 8th International Conference on Modelling in Industrial Maintenance and Reliability, Institute of Mathematics and Its Applications, Oxford, 2014, pp.\u00a0125\u2013130."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref19","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, C.\u00a0Woods, E.\u00a0Low and F.\u00a0Ameri, Towards a reference ontology for maintenance work management, in: Proceedings of Interoperability for Enterprise Systems and Applications Workshops Co-Located with 10th International Conference on Interoperability for Enterprise Systems and Applications (I-ESA 2020), M.\u00a0Zelm, B.\u00a0Young, G.\u00a0Doumeingts, H.\u00a0Karray and L.\u00a0Elmhadbhi, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02900, CEUR-WS.org, Tarbes, France, 2020."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref20","unstructured":"IEC, Dependability management \u2013 Part\u00a03-14: Application guide \u2013 maintenance and maintenance support, Standard, IEC 60300-3-14:2004, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2004."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref21","unstructured":"IEC, Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA and FMECA), Standard, IEC 60812:2018, International Electrotechnical Commission, Geneva, Switzerland, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref23","unstructured":"ISO, ISO 14224: Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries \u2013 collection and exchange of reliability and maintenance data for equipment, Standard, ISO14224:2016, International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland, 2016."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref24","unstructured":"ISO, ISO 15926-4:2019 Industrial automation systems and integration \u2013 integration of life-cycle data for process plants including oil and gas production facilities \u2013 Part\u00a04: Initial reference data, Technical Report, ISO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref25","unstructured":"ISO 15926-14: Industrial automation systems and integration \u2013 integration of life-cycle data for process plants including oil and gas production facilities \u2013 Part\u00a014: Data model adopted for OWL 2 Direct Semantics, Community Draft, International Organization for Standardization, 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref26","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC, ISO\/IEC 21838-2:2021 Information technology \u2013 top-level ontologies (TLO) \u2013 Part\u00a01: Requirements, Technical Report, ISO\/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2021."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref27","unstructured":"ISO\/IEC, ISO\/IEC 21838-2:2021 Information technology \u2013 top-level ontologies (TLO) \u2013 Part\u00a02: Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), Technical Report, ISO\/IEC, Geneva, Switzerland, 2021."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A.T.\u00a0James, O.\u00a0Gandhi and S.\u00a0Deshmukh, Knowledge management of automobile system failures through development of failure knowledge ontology from maintenance experience, Journal of Advances in Management Research (2017).","DOI":"10.1108\/JAMR-02-2017-0024"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref29","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Jordan, M.\u00a0Selway, W.\u00a0Mayer, G.\u00a0Grossmann and M.\u00a0Stumptner, An ontological core for conformance checking in the engineering life-cycle, in: Formal Ontology in Information Systems \u2013 Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference, FOIS 2014, P.\u00a0Garbacz and O.\u00a0Kutz, eds, Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications, Vol.\u00a0267, IOS Press, Rio de Janeiro, 2014, pp.\u00a0358\u2013371."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-190208","article-title":"ROMAIN: Towards a BFO compliant reference ontology for industrial maintenance","volume":"14","author":"Karray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-2012-0112","article-title":"A formal ontology for industrial maintenance","volume":"7","author":"Karray","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Ontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref32","unstructured":"D.P.\u00a0Lupp, M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz and M.G.\u00a0Skj\u00e6veland, Template libraries for industrial asset maintenance: A methodology for scalable and maintainable ontologies, in: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Scalable Semantic Web Knowledge Base Systems Co-Located with 19th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2020), T.\u00a0Liebig, A.\u00a0Fokoue and Z.\u00a0Wu, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02757, CEUR-WS.org, 2020, pp.\u00a049\u201364, Technical University of Aachen."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2016.06.043","article-title":"Data quality assessment of maintenance reporting procedures","volume":"63","author":"Madhikermi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Systems with Applications"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref34","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Masolo, L.\u00a0Vieu, E.\u00a0Bottazzi, C.\u00a0Catenacci, R.\u00a0Ferrario, A.\u00a0Gangemi and N.\u00a0Guarino, Social roles and their descriptions, in: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference (KR2004), D.\u00a0Dubois, C.A.\u00a0Welty and M.\u00a0Williams, eds, AAAI Press, 2004, pp.\u00a0267\u2013277."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3182\/20100701-2-PT-4012.00004","article-title":"An ontology-based model for providing semantic maintenance","volume":"43","author":"Matsokis","year":"2010","journal-title":"IFAC Proceedings Volumes"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref36","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Mizoguchi, K.\u00a0Kozaki and Y.\u00a0Kitamura, Ontological analyses of roles, in: 2012 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems (FedCSIS), M.\u00a0Ganzha, L.A.\u00a0Maciaszek and M.\u00a0Paprzycki, eds, IEEE Computer Society, 2012, pp.\u00a0489\u2013496."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2013.04.009","article-title":"Are managerial pressure, technological control and intrinsic motivation effective in improving data quality?","volume":"119","author":"Molina","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref38","first-page":"1","article-title":"An ontology model for maintenance strategy selection and assessment","author":"Montero Jim\u00e9nez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref39","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Moubray, Reliability-Centered Maintenance, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1997."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2009.05.008","article-title":"Improving the quality of manually acquired data: Applying the theory of planned behaviour to data quality","volume":"94","author":"Murphy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Nagy, T.\u00a0Ruppert and J.\u00a0Abonyi, Ontology-based analysis of manufacturing processes: Lessons learned from the case study of wire harness production, Complexity 2021 (2021).","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8603515"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Discovering critical KPI factors from natural language in maintenance work orders","author":"Navinchandran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Intelligent Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.V.\u00a0Ottermo, S.\u00a0H\u00e5brekke, S.\u00a0Hauge and L.\u00a0Bodsberg, Technical language processing for efficient classification of failure events for safety critical equipment, in: PHMME 2021: Proceedings of the 6th European Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2021, P.\u00a0Do, S.\u00a0King and O.\u00a0Fink, eds, Vol.\u00a06, The PHM Society, Turin, Italy, 2021, pp.\u00a09.","DOI":"10.36001\/phme.2021.v6i1.2792"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifacol.2021.08.192","article-title":"Multi-attribute ontology-based criticality analysis of manufacturing assets for maintenance strategies planning","volume":"54","author":"Polenghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"IFAC-PapersOnLine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.4018\/ijswis.2014040102","article-title":"Oops!(ontology pitfall scanner!): An on-line tool for ontology evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2010.531291","article-title":"A generic ontology development framework for data integration and decision support in a distributed environment","volume":"24","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1080\/0951192X.2012.665187","article-title":"Ontology-driven data collection and validation framework for the diagnosis of vehicle health management","volume":"25","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2012","journal-title":"International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2020.103338"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compind.2013.03.001","article-title":"An ontology based text mining system for knowledge discovery from the diagnosis data in the automotive domain","volume":"64","author":"Rajpathak","year":"2013","journal-title":"Computers in Industry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0951-8320(96)00010-5","article-title":"The basic concepts of failure analysis","volume":"53","author":"Rausand","year":"1996","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref51","unstructured":"SAE, Evaluation criteria for reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) processes, Standard, JA1011-2009, SAE International, 2009."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref52","unstructured":"SAE International, A guide to the reliability-centered maintenance (RCM) standard, Standard, SAE JA1012, SAE International, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Sexton, M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, M.P.\u00a0Brundage et al., Categorization errors for data entry in maintenance work-orders, in: PHM 2019: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2019, N.S.\u00a0Clements, ed., Vol.\u00a011, The PHM Society, 2019.","DOI":"10.36001\/phmconf.2019.v11i1.790"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T.\u00a0Sexton, M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, M.P.\u00a0Brundage and T.\u00a0Smoker, Benchmarking for keyword extraction methodologies in maintenance work orders, in: PHM 2018: Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Prognostics and Health Management Society 2018, A.\u00a0Bregon and M.\u00a0Orchard, eds, Vol.\u00a010, The PHM Society, 2018.","DOI":"10.36001\/phmconf.2018.v10i1.541"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.124.029"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.11.018","article-title":"Prognostic modelling options for remaining useful life estimation by industry","volume":"25","author":"Sikorska","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssci.2020.104747"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref58","unstructured":"SINTEF, Offshore reliability data handbook, Technical Report, H\u00f8vik: Det Norske Veritas, 2015."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref59","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Smith, F.\u00a0Ameri, H.\u00a0Cheong, D.\u00a0Kiritsis, D.\u00a0Sormaz, C.\u00a0Will and J.N.\u00a0Otte, A first-order logic formalization of the industrial ontology foundry signature using basic formal ontology, in: Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops 2019 Episode V: The Styrian Autumn of Ontology \u2013 10th International Workshop on Formal Ontologies Meet Industry (FOMI), A.\u00a0Barton, S.\u00a0Sepp\u00e4l\u00e4 and D.\u00a0Porello, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02518, CEUR-WS.org, Graz, Austria, 2019."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref61","first-page":"1","article-title":"MWO2KG and Echidna: Constructing and exploring knowledge graphs from maintenance data","author":"Stewart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Institution of Mechanical Engineers \u2013 Journal of Risk and Reliability"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Stewart, W.\u00a0Liu and R.\u00a0Cardell-Oliver, Redcoat: A collaborative annotation tool for hierarchical entity typing, in: Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP): System Demonstrations, Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, China, 2019, pp.\u00a0193\u2013198, https:\/\/aclanthology.org\/D19-3033.","DOI":"10.18653\/v1\/D19-3033"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICBK.2018.00023"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ress.2011.06.003","article-title":"Goal hierarchy: Improving asset data quality by improving motivation","volume":"96","author":"Unsworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reliability Engineering & System Safety"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1017\/S0269888900007797","article-title":"Ontologies: Principles, methods and applications","volume":"11","author":"Uschold","year":"1996","journal-title":"The Knowledge Engineering Review"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-233299_ref68","unstructured":"C.\u00a0Woods, M.\u00a0Selway, M.\u00a0Hodkiewicz, F.\u00a0Ameri, M.\u00a0Stumptner and W.\u00a0Sobel, On the notion of maintenance state for industrial assets, in: Proceedings of the Joint Ontology Workshops 2021 Episode VII: The Bolzano Summer of Knowledge Co-Located with the 12th International Conference on Formal Ontology in Information Systems (FOIS 2021), and the 12th International Conference on Biomedical Ontologies (ICBO 2021), E.M.\u00a0Sanfilippo, O.\u00a0Kutz, N.\u00a0Troquard, T.\u00a0Hahmann, C.\u00a0Masolo et al., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02969, CEUR-WS.org, 2021, Rheinisch-Westfaelische Technische Hochschule Aachen, Lehrstuhl Informatik V."}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-233299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:01:24Z","timestamp":1756206084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-233299"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Bahar","family":"Aameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Canada"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Poveda-Villal\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Spain"}]},{"given":"Emilio M.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ISTC-CNR Laboratory for Applied Ontology, Italy"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Terkaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STIIMA-CNR, Italy"}]},{"given":"Bahar","family":"Aameri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Poveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Emilio M.","family":"Sanfilippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Terka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-233299","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,30]]}}}