{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T13:49:20Z","timestamp":1762609760246,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]],"date-time":"2024-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728432000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Autonomous driving is a recently developed area in which technology seems to be ahead of its understanding within society. That causes some fears concerning the reliability of autonomous vehicles and controversies over liability in case of accidents. Specifying levels of driving autonomy within the SAE-J3016 standard is widely recognized as a significant step towards comprehending the essence of the achievements. However, the standard provides even more valuable insights into the process of driving automation. In the paper, we develop the ideas using the methods of formal ontology that allow us to make the conceptual system more precise and formalize it. To increase inseparability, we ground our system on a top-level BFO ontology. We present a formal account of several areas covered by the SAE-J3016 standard, including motor vehicles and their systems, driving tasks and subtasks, roles of persons in road communication, and autonomy levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-243578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,23]],"date-time":"2024-04-23T11:12:55Z","timestamp":1713870775000},"page":"1837-1862","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ontology of autonomous driving based on the SAE J3016 standard"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Robert","family":"Trypuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Philosophy, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Piotr","family":"Kulicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Faculty of Philosophy, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Poland"}]},{"given":"Mirek","family":"Sopek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makolab SA, Poland"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.\u00a0Arp, B.\u00a0Smith and A.D.\u00a0Spear, Building Ontologies with Basic Formal Ontology, The MIT Press, 2015.","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262527811.001.0001"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2760\/052089"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2020.101488"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1007\/s10111-018-0471-5","article-title":"A critique of the SAE conditional driving automation definition, and analyses of options for","author":"Inagaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cognition, Technology and Work"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.S.\u00a0Kulvatunyou, E.\u00a0Wallace, D.\u00a0Kiritsis, B.\u00a0Smith and C.\u00a0Will, The industrial ontologies foundry proof-of-concept project, in: Advances in Production Management Systems. Smart Manufacturing for Industry 4.0, I.\u00a0Moon, G.M.\u00a0Lee, J.\u00a0Park, D.\u00a0Kiritsis and G.\u00a0von Cieminski, eds, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2018, pp.\u00a0402\u2013409.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-99707-0_50"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref9","unstructured":"H.\u00a0Lipson and M.\u00a0Kurman, Driverless: Intelligent Cars and the Road Ahead, The MIT Press, 2017."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procs.2019.09.447","article-title":"Comparative study of ontologies based ISO 27000 series security standards","volume":"160","author":"Meriah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Procedia Computer Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info12010021"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSMC.2010.5641862"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"B.D.\u00a0Seppelt, B.\u00a0Reimer, L.\u00a0Russo, B.\u00a0Mehler, J.T.\u00a0Fisher and D.\u00a0Friedman, Consumer confusion with levels of vehicle automation, in: Proceedings of the 10th International Driving Symposium on Human Factors in Driver Assessment, Training and Vehicle Design: Driving Assessment 2019, 2019.","DOI":"10.17077\/drivingassessment.1723"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vehcom.2019.100164"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.3233\/AO-160164","article-title":"Functions in Basic Formal Ontology","volume":"11","author":"Spear","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Ontology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/MTS.2020.3012315","article-title":"It\u2019s time to rethink levels of automation for self-driving vehicles [opinion]","volume":"39","author":"Stayton","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Steckhan, W.\u00a0Spiessl, N.\u00a0Quetschlich and K.\u00a0Bengler, Beyond SAE J3016: New design spaces for human-centered driving automation, in: HCI in Mobility, Transport, and Automotive Systems, H.\u00a0Kr\u00f6mker, ed., Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2022, pp.\u00a0416\u2013434.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-04987-3_28"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-49157-8_12"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243578_ref31","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Zhao, R.\u00a0Ichise, S.\u00a0Mita and Y.\u00a0Sasaki, Core ontologies for safe autonomous driving, in: Proceedings of the ISWC 2015 Posters & Demonstrations Track Co-Located with the 14th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC-2015), Bethlehem, PA, USA, October 11, 2015, 2015, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1486\/paper_9.pdf."}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-243578","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,26]],"date-time":"2025-08-26T11:01:35Z","timestamp":1756206095000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-243578"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Cogan","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wright State University, USA"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-243578","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2210-4968"},{"type":"print","value":"1570-0844"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,9]]}}}