{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:22:15Z","timestamp":1777890135639,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710892800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ontology underlying the Wikidata knowledge graph (KG) has not been formalized. Instead, its semantics emerges bottom-up from the use of its classes and properties. Flexible guidelines and rules have been defined by the Wikidata project for the use of its ontology, however, it is still often difficult to reuse the ontology\u2019s constructs. Based on the assumption that identifying ontology design patterns from a knowledge graph contributes to making its (possibly) implicit ontology emerge, in this paper we present a method for extracting what we term empirical ontology design patterns (EODPs) from a knowledge graph. This method takes as input a knowledge graph and extracts EODPs as sets of axioms\/constraints involving the classes instantiated in the KG. These EODPs include data about the probability of such axioms\/constraints happening. We apply our method on two domain-specific portions of Wikidata, addressing the music and art, architecture, and archaeology domains, and we compare the empirical ontology design patterns we extract with the current support present in Wikidata. We show how these patterns can provide guidance for the use of the Wikidata ontology and its potential improvement, and can give insight into the content of (domain-specific portions of) the Wikidata knowledge graph.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-243613","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T12:08:51Z","timestamp":1711109331000},"page":"1-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Empirical ontology design patterns and shapes from Wikidata"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Valentina Anita","family":"Carriero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Groth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Presutti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Languages, Literatures and Modern Cultures, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00778-021-00704-2"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref2","unstructured":"L.\u00a0Asprino, V.A.\u00a0Carriero, C.\u00a0Colonna and V.\u00a0Presutti, OPLaX: Annotating ontology design patterns at conceptual and instance level, in: Proceedings of the 12th Workshop on Ontology Design and Patterns (WOP 2021) Co-Located with 20th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2021), K.\u00a0Hammar, C.\u00a0Shimizu, H.\u00a0K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck-McGinty, L.\u00a0Asprino and V.A.\u00a0Carriero, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a03011, CEUR-WS.org, 2021, pp.\u00a01\u201313."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref3","unstructured":"E.\u00a0Blomqvist, Z.\u00a0Zhang, A.L.\u00a0Gentile, I.\u00a0Augenstein and F.\u00a0Ciravegna, Statistical knowledge patterns for characterising linked data, in: Proceedings of the 4th Workshop on Ontology and Semantic Web Patterns Co-Located with 12th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2013), Sydney, Australia, October 21, 2013, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a01188, CEUR-WS.org, 2013."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref4","unstructured":"I.\u00a0Boneva, J.\u00a0Dusart, D.\u00a0Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez and J.E.L.\u00a0Gayo, Shape designer for ShEx and SHACL constraints, in: Proceedings of Posters & Demonstrations, Industry, and Outrageous Ideas \u2013 ISWC 2019, M.C.\u00a0Su\u00e1rez-Figueroa, G.\u00a0Cheng, A.L.\u00a0Gentile, C.\u00a0Gu\u00e9ret, C.M.\u00a0Keet and A.\u00a0Bernstein, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02456, CEUR-WS.org, 2019, pp.\u00a0269\u2013272."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2872518.2891117"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-30796-7_3"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-200422","article-title":"Pattern-based design applied to cultural heritage knowledge graphs","volume":"12","author":"Carriero","year":"2021","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref8","unstructured":"V.A.\u00a0Carriero, P.\u00a0Groth and V.\u00a0Presutti, Towards improving Wikidata reuse with emerging patterns, in: Proceedings of the 3rd Wikidata Workshop 2022 Co-Located with the 21st International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2022), Virtual Event, Hanghzou, China, October 2022, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a03262, CEUR-WS.org, 2022."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-49461-2_29"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.knosys.2021.107975"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-62466-8_18"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3409481.3409485"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref14","unstructured":"N.\u00a0Mihindukulasooriya, M.\u00a0Poveda-Villal\u00f3n, R.\u00a0Garc\u00eda-Castro and A.\u00a0G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez, Loupe \u2013 an online tool for inspecting datasets in the linked data cloud, in: Proceedings of the ISWC 2015 Posters & Demonstrations Track Co-Located with the 14th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC-2015), Bethlehem, PA, USA, October 11, 2015, S.\u00a0Villata, J.Z.\u00a0Pan and M.\u00a0Dragoni, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a01486, CEUR-WS.org, 2015."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3167132.3167341"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3274410"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3487553.3524253"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref18","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Spahiu, A.\u00a0Maurino and M.\u00a0Palmonari, Towards improving the quality of knowledge graphs with data-driven ontology patterns and SHACL, in: Proceedings of the 9th Workshop of Ontology Design and Patterns (WOP 2018) Co-Located with the 17th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2018), M.G.\u00a0Skj\u00e6veland, Y.\u00a0Hu, K.\u00a0Hammar, V.\u00a0Sv\u00e1tek and A.\u00a0Lawrynowicz, eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol.\u00a02195, CEUR-WS.org, 2018, pp.\u00a052\u201366."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243613_ref19","unstructured":"B.\u00a0Spahiu, R.\u00a0Porrini, M.\u00a0Palmonari, A.\u00a0Rula and A.\u00a0Maurino, ABSTAT: Ontology-driven 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