{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T10:22:10Z","timestamp":1777890130856,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]],"date-time":"2024-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724889600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["SW"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This work analyses the usage of different approaches adopted in Wikidata to represent information with weaker logical status (WLS, e.g., uncertain information, competing hypotheses, temporally evolving information). The study examines four main approaches: non-asserted statements, ranked statements, non-existing valued objects, and statements qualified with properties P5102:nature of statement, P1480:sourcing circumstances, and P2241:reason for deprecated rank. We analyse their prevalence, success, and clarity in Wikidata. The analysis is performed over Cultural Heritage artefacts stored in Wikidata, divided into three subsets (i.e., visual heritage, textual heritage, and audio-visual heritage), and compared with astronomical data (stars and galaxies entities). Our findings indicate that (1) the presence of weaker logical status information is limited, with only a small proportion of items reporting such information, (2) the usage of WLS claims varies significantly between the two datasets in terms of prevalence and success of such approaches, and (3) precise assessment of WLS statements is made complicated by the ambiguities and overlappings between WLS and non-WLS claims allowed by the chosen representations. Finally, we list a few proposals to simplify and standardise this information representation in Wikidata, hoping to increase its clarity, accuracy and richness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-243686","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T11:19:18Z","timestamp":1725016758000},"page":"1-23","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["On assessing weaker logical status claims in Wikidata cultural heritage records"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Alessio","family":"Di Pasquale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Pasqual","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Humanities Advanced Research Centre (\/DH.arc), Department of Italian Studies and Classical Philology, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Tomasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Humanities Advanced Research Centre (\/DH.arc), Department of Italian Studies and Classical Philology, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Vitali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-74497-1_14"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3442442.3452339"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-76298-0_52"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3184558.3191641"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref6","unstructured":"G.\u00a0Barabucci, F.\u00a0Tomasi and F.\u00a0Vitali, Supporting complexity and conjectures in cultural heritage descriptions, in: Proceedings of the International Conference Collect and Connect: Archives and Collections in a Digital Age, CEUR Workshop, 2021, pp.\u00a0104\u2013115, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2810\/paper9.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2303.2011.00590.x","article-title":"Uncertainty and the history of ideas","volume":"50","author":"Blau","year":"2011","journal-title":"History and Theory"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39718-2_11"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4403\/jlis.it-12642"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/JCDL.2017.7991584"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1017\/alj.2019.32","article-title":"Fostering a community of PHAROS scholars through the adoption of open standards","volume":"45","author":"Delmas-Glass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Art Libraries Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2009.07.004","article-title":"Querying for provenance, trust, uncertainty and other meta knowledge in RDF","volume":"7","author":"Dividino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref14","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Doerr, S.\u00a0Gradmann, S.\u00a0Hennicke, A.\u00a0Isaac, C.\u00a0Meghini and H.\u00a0Van de Sompel, The Europeana data model (EDM), in: World Library and Information Congress: 76th IFLA General Conference and Assembly, Vol.\u00a010, 2010, p.\u00a015."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref15","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Doerr, C.-E.\u00a0Ore and S.\u00a0Stead, The CIDOC conceptual reference model \u2013 A new standard for knowledge sharing, in: 26th International Conference on Conceptual Modeling (ER 2007), 2007."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-11964-9_4"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18420\/inf2020_123"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-170275","article-title":"Linked data quality of DBpedia, freebase, OpenCyc, Wikidata, and YAGO","volume":"9","author":"F\u00e4rber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semantic Web"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-04930-9_13"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref21","unstructured":"H.-G.\u00a0Gadamer, Truth and Method, A&C Black, 2013."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3018661.3018739"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref23","unstructured":"J.\u00a0Garson, Modal logic, in: The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2023 edn, E.N.\u00a0Zalta and U.\u00a0Nodelman, eds, 2023, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58068-5_39"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-00671-6_20"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref28","first-page":"32","article-title":"Reifying RDF: What works well with Wikidata?","volume":"1457","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez","year":"2015","journal-title":"SSWS@ ISWC"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref29","unstructured":"A.\u00a0Isaac et al., Europeana Data Model Primer, 2013, https:\/\/pro.europeana.eu\/page\/edm-documentation."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1609\/aaai.v25i1.7854","article-title":"Two-dimensional description logics for context-based semantic interoperability","volume":"25","author":"Klarman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D.V.\u00a0McDermott and D.\u00a0Dou, Representing disjunction and quantifiers in RDF, in: Proceedings of the First International Semantic Web Conference on the Semantic Web, ISWC\u201902, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2002, pp.\u00a0250\u2013263. ISBN 3540437606.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-48005-6_20"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-212865"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1108\/DTA-12-2018-0110","article-title":"A systematic literature review on Wikidata","volume":"53","author":"Mora-Cantallops","year":"2019","journal-title":"Data Technologies and Applications"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.7624783"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref35","unstructured":"P.F.\u00a0Patel-Schneider, Contextualization via qualifiers, in: CKGSemStats@ ISWC, 2018."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/s13222-016-0238-1","article-title":"Europeana \u2013 a search engine for digitised cultural heritage material","volume":"17","author":"Petras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Datenbank-Spektrum"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref37","unstructured":"M.\u00a0Piotrowski and M.\u00a0Neuwirth, Prospects for computational hermeneutics, in: Proceedings of the 9th AIUCD Annual Conference, 2020, http:\/\/amsacta.unibo.it\/6316\/."},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3306446.3340822"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3132847.3132890"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46547-0_19"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2021.100679"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.4403\/jlis.it-12480","article-title":"Stepping beyond libraries: The changing orientation in global GLAM-wiki","volume":"9","author":"Stinson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JLIS. it"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1145\/2629489","article-title":"Wikidata: A free collaborative knowledgebase","volume":"57","author":"Vrande\u010di\u0107","year":"2014","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/llc\/fqac076"},{"key":"10.3233\/SW-243686_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2011.08.006","article-title":"A general framework for representing, reasoning and querying with annotated semantic web data","volume":"11","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Web Semantics"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/SW-243686","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T05:27:36Z","timestamp":1777613256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/SW-243686"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lucie-Aim\u00e9e","family":"Kaffee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Policy Researcher at Hugging Face, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Razniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pavlos","family":"Vougiouklis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Huawei Technologies, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]},"references-count":40,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-243686","relation":{},"ISSN":["2210-4968","1570-0844"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,29]]}}}