{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T00:08:35Z","timestamp":1769126915821,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"IOS Press","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Semantic Web: \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The ShExML language was born as a more user-friendly approach for knowledge graph construction. However, a recent study has highlighted that its companion engine suffers from serious performance issues. Thus, in this paper I undertake the optimisation of the engine by means of a code profiling analysis. The improvements are then measured as part of a performance evaluation whose results are statistically analysed. Upon this analysis, the effectiveness of each proposed enhancement is discussed. Moreover, the optimised version of ShExML is compared against similar engines, delivering a comparable performance to its alternatives. As a direct result of this work, the ShExML engine offers a much more optimised version which can cope better with users\u2019 demands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/sw-243736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T20:31:40Z","timestamp":1756413100000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimising the ShExML engine through code profiling: From turtle\u2019s pace to state-of-the-art performance"],"prefix":"10.3233","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Herminio","family":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kazerne Dossin, Mechelen, Belgium"}]}],"member":"7437","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-223135"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2021)","author":"Arenas-Guerrero J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arenas-Guerrero J., Scrocca M., Iglesias-Molina A., Toledo J., Pozo-Gilo L., Do\u00f1a D., Corcho \u00d3., Chaves-Fraga D., Knowledge graph construction with R2RML and RML: an ETL system-based overview, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2021), June 6, 2021, Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Heyvaert P., Priyatna F., Sequeda J.F., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2873, CEUR-WS.org, Online, 2021, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2873\/paper11.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3555312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)","author":"Bin S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bin S., Stadler C., B\u00fchmann L., KGCW2023 challenge report RDFProcessingToolkit \/ Sansa, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023), May 28, 2023, Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Iglesias-Molina A., Serles U., Assche D.V., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3471, CEUR-WS.org, Hersonissos, Greece, 2023, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3471\/paper12.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2020.100596"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23919\/CNSM50824.2020.9269101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web","author":"Dimou A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dimou A., Vander Sande M., Colpaert P., Verborgh R., Mannens E., Van de Walle R., RML: a generic language for integrated RDF mappings of heterogeneous data, in: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Linked Data on the Web, Bizer C., Heath T., Auer S., Berners-Lee T., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1184, Seoul, Korea, 2014, ISSN 1613-0073, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-1184\/ldow2014_paper_01.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2021)","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez H.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez H., A ShExML perspective on mapping challenges: Already solved ones, language modifications and future required actions, in: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 18th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2021), Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Heyvaert P., Priyatna F., Sequeda J.F., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2873, CEUR-WS.org, Online, 2021, http:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2873\/paper2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj-cs.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47243-5_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of Poster and Demo Track and Workshop Track of the 18th International Conference on Semantic Systems Co-Located with 18th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS 2022)","author":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez H.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Gonz\u00e1lez H., Dimou A., Why to tie to a single data mapping language? Enabling a transformation from ShExML to RML, in: Proceedings of Poster and Demo Track and Workshop Track of the 18th International Conference on Semantic Systems Co-Located with 18th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTiCS 2022), Simsek U., Chaves-Fraga D., Pellegrini T., Vahdat S., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3235, CEUR-WS.org, Vienna, Austria, 2022, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3235\/paper11.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/872726.806987"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3323878.3325802"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/800168.811543"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3340531.3412881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2022.100755"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference ESWC 2023","author":"Iglesias E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Iglesias E., Vidal M., Knowledge graph creation challenge: Results for SDM-RDFizer, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference ESWC 2023, May 28, 2023, Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Iglesias-Molina A., Serles U., Assche D.V., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3471, CEUR-WS.org, Hersonissos, Greece, 2023, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3471\/paper13.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Iglesias E. Vidal M.-E. Collarana D. Chaves-Fraga D. Empowering the SDM-RDFizer tool for scaling up to complex knowledge graph creation pipelines Semantic Web Pre-press(Pre-press) (2024) 1\u201328. doi:10.3233\/SW-243580.","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-243580"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction (KGCW 2022) Co-Located with 19th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2022)","author":"Iglesias-Molina A.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Iglesias-Molina A., Cimmino A., Corcho \u00d3., Devising mapping interoperability with mapping translation, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction (KGCW 2022) Co-Located with 19th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2022), May 30, 2022, Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Heyvaert P., Priyatna F., Sequeda J., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3141, CEUR-WS.org, 2022, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3141\/paper6.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/SW-223224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-47243-5_9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kumar A. Software Architecture Styles a Survey International Journal of Computer Applications87(9) (2014). doi:10.5120\/15234-3768.","DOI":"10.5120\/15234-3768"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-58068-5_3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Processing XML with Java \u2013 a performance benchmark","volume":"3","author":"Oliveira B.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Oliveira B., Santos V., Belo O., Processing XML with Java \u2013 a performance benchmark, International Journal of New Computer Architectures and their Applications (IJNCAA) 3(1) (2013), 72\u201385.","journal-title":"International Journal of New Computer Architectures and their Applications (IJNCAA)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ISWC 2023 Posters, Demos and Industry Tracks: From Novel Ideas to Industrial Practice Co-Located with 22nd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2023)","author":"Oo S.M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oo S.M., Meester B.D., Taelman R., Colpaert P., Towards algebraic mapping operators for knowledge graph construction, in: Proceedings of the ISWC 2023 Posters, Demos and Industry Tracks: From Novel Ideas to Industrial Practice Co-Located with 22nd International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2023), November 6\u201310, 2023, Fundulaki I., Kozaki K., Garijo D., G\u00f3mez-P\u00e9rez J.M., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3632, CEUR-WS.org, Athens, Greece, 2023, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3632\/ISWC2023_paper_412.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","unstructured":"Parr T. the definitive ANTLR 4 reference The Pragmatic Bookshelf (2013) 1\u2013326. ISBN 1934356999."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2660517.2660523"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop Semantics and the Web for Transport Co-Located with Semantics Conference (SEMANTiCS 2021)","author":"Scrocca M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Scrocca M., Carenini A., Comerio M., Celino I., Semantic conversion of transport data adopting declarative mappings: An evaluation of performance and scalability, in: Proceedings of the 3rd International Workshop Semantics and the Web for Transport Co-Located with Semantics Conference (SEMANTiCS 2021), September 6, 2021, Chaves-Fraga D., Colpaert P., Sadeghi M., Scrocca M., Comerio M., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2939, CEUR-WS.org, Online, 2021, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2939\/paper2.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","first-page":"46","volume-title":"Joint Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Building and 1st International Workshop on Large Scale RDF Analytics Co-Located with 16th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2019)","author":"Simsek U.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simsek U., K\u00e4rle E., Fensel D., RocketRML \u2013 a NodeJS implementation of a use case specific RML mapper, in: Joint Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Building and 1st International Workshop on Large Scale RDF Analytics Co-Located with 16th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2019), June 3, 2019, Chaves-Fraga D., Heyvaert P., Priyatna F., Sequeda J.F., Dimou A., Jabeen H., Graux D., Sejdiu G., Saleem M., Lehmann J., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2489, CEUR-WS.org, Portoro\u017e, Slovenia, 2019, pp. 46\u201353, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-2489\/paper5.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","series-title":"CEUR Workshop Proceedings","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023)","author":"Stadler C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stadler C., B\u00fchmann L., Meyer L., Martin M., Scaling RML and SPARQL-based knowledge graph construction with apache spark, in: Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Knowledge Graph Construction Co-Located with 20th Extended Semantic Web Conference (ESWC 2023), May 28, 2023, Chaves-Fraga D., Dimou A., Iglesias-Molina A., Serles U., Assche D.V., eds, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 3471, CEUR-WS.org, Hersonissos, Greece, 2023, https:\/\/ceur-ws.org\/Vol-3471\/paper8.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-30936-1_24"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.websem.2022.100753"}],"container-title":["Semantic Web: \u2013 Interoperability, Usability, Applicability"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/SW-243736","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/SW-243736","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/SW-243736","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T07:54:32Z","timestamp":1769068472000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/SW-243736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/SW-243736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/sw-243736","relation":{},"ISSN":["1570-0844","2210-4968"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1570-0844","type":"print"},{"value":"2210-4968","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"article-number":"SW-243736"}}