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Watermarking of the document image is a very difficult task, since these images have very limited redundancy. Because of this factor there has been very little research in this area. A comprehensive research should be carried out to ensure the effective assessment, review as well as implementation of document image watermarking techniques. This paper reviews the existing document image watermarking by considering different evaluation parameters. Based on this review, a variety of challenges and directions have been prescribed for the development of effective watermarking techniques for document images.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/web-230280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,19]],"date-time":"2024-01-19T11:37:34Z","timestamp":1705664254000},"page":"523-553","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A review of digital watermarking techniques: Current trends, challenges and opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Balkar","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Post Graduate Department of Computer Science, Gujranwala Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Ludhiana, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geeta","family":"Kasana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, Thapar Institute of 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