{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:54:56Z","timestamp":1791320096831,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,30]],"date-time":"2020-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580342400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is based on symptoms; however, the challenge is to diagnose AD at the preclinical stage with the application of biomarkers and initiate early treatment (still not widely available). Currently, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-\u03b2 42 (A\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and tau are used in the clinical diagnosis of AD; nevertheless, blood biomarkers (A\u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                    and tau) are less predictive. Amyloid-positron emission tomography (PET) imaging is an advancement in technology that uses approved radioactive diagnostic agents (florbetapir, flutemetamol, or florbetaben) to estimate A\u03b2 neuritic plaque density in adults with cognitive impairment evaluated for AD and other causes of cognitive decline. There is no cure for AD to date\u2014the disease progression cannot be stopped or reversed; approved pharmacological agents (donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine; memantine) provide symptomatic treatment. However, the disease-modifying therapies are promising; aducanumab and CAD106 are in phase III trials for the early stages of AD. In conclusion, core CSF biomarkers reflect pathophysiology of AD in the early and late stages; the application of approved radiotracers have potential in amyloid-PET brain imaging to detect early AD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-190143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,31]],"date-time":"2020-01-31T11:31:40Z","timestamp":1580470300000},"page":"21-37","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Role of Fluid Biomarkers and PET Imaging in Early Diagnosis and its Clinical Implication in the Management of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Shahul","family":"Hameed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore"},{"name":"Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jong-Ling","family":"Fuh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vorapun","family":"Senanarong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther Gunaseli M.","family":"Ebenezer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University Kula Lumpur, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Ipoh, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irene","family":"Looi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, Malaysia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Hospital Seberang Jaya, Penang, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline C.","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neurosciences, St. Luke\u2019s Medical Center, Metro Manila, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Won","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Cognitive Disorders and Dementia Center, Institute of Convergence Bio-Health, Dong-A University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ananda Krishna","family":"Karanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Simon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis (Singapore) Pte. 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