{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T22:42:15Z","timestamp":1789512135990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,20]],"date-time":"2023-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674172800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic traumatic encephalopathy, diagnosed postmortem (hyperphosphorylated tau), is preceded by traumatic encephalopathy syndrome with worsening cognition and behavior\/mood disturbances, over years. Transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) may promote improvements by increasing ATP in compromised\/stressed cells and increasing local blood, lymphatic vessel vasodilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aim 1: Examine cognition, behavior\/mood changes Post-tPBM. Aim 2: MRI changes - resting-state functional-connectivity MRI: salience, central executive, default mode networks (SN, CEN, DMN); magnetic resonance spectroscopy, cingulate cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Four ex-players with traumatic encephalopathy syndrome\/possible chronic traumatic encephalopathy, playing 11\u2013 16 years, received In-office, red\/near-infrared tPBM to scalp, 3x\/week for 6 weeks. Two had cavum septum pellucidum.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The three younger cases (ages 55, 57, 65) improved 2 SD ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.05) on three to six neuropsychological tests\/subtests at 1 week or 1 month Post-tPBM, compared to Pre-Treatment, while the older case (age 74) improved by 1.5 SD on three tests. There was significant improvement at 1 month on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, pain, and sleep. One case discontinued narcotic pain medications and had reduced tinnitus. The possible placebo effect is unknown. At 2 months Post-tPBM, two cases regressed. Then, home tPBM was applied to only cortical nodes, DMN (12 weeks); again, significant improvements were seen. Significant correlations for increased SN functional connectivity (FC) over time, with executive function, attention, PTSD, pain, and sleep; and CEN FC, with verbal learning\/memory, depression. Increased n-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) (oxygen consumption, mitochondria) was present in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), parallel to less pain and PTSD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After tPBM, these ex-football players improved. Significant correlations of increased SN FC and CEN FC with specific cognitive tests and behavior\/mood ratings, plus increased NAA in ACC support beneficial effects from tPBM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-220022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,27]],"date-time":"2022-12-27T11:33:00Z","timestamp":1672140780000},"page":"77-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Transcranial Photobiomodulation Treatment: Significant Improvements in Four Ex-Football Players with Possible Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Naeser","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 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Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey A.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain Campus, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"National Center for PTSD - Behavioral Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Hamblin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, South Africa"},{"name":"Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea 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