{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:23:48Z","timestamp":1787959428503,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]],"date-time":"2022-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670198400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Oral infection has been implicated in the possible etiology of Alzheimer\u2019s disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To detect amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) within microbial biofilms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Freshly extracted teeth ( N\u200a=\u200a87) with periodontal disease were separated into Group A ( N\u200a=\u200a11), with primary root canal infection and Group B ( N\u200a=\u200a21) with failed endodontic treatment identified by the presence of, gutta percha root filling. Biofilm characteristics were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Demineralized paraffin wax embedded tooth sections and mineralized calculus biofilm were immunostained with the anti-A\u03b2 antibody. The gutta perchas were processed either for on-section acrylic resin tissue immunocolloidal gold silver staining (IGSS) using the anti-A\u03b2 antibody or in Araldite resin for ultrastructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SEM demonstrated calculus and gutta percha in situ harboring a polymicrobial biofilm featuring extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and water channels. Immunohistochemistry on rehydrated paraffin wax tooth sections from Group A, demonstrated A\u03b2 staining on external (calculus and plaque) and all intracanal infected regions. In Group B, the gutta percha biofilm IGSS gave an inconclusive result for A\u03b2. Transmission electron microscopy of selected teeth with infected intra-canals (Group A) and 20% of gutta percha biofilm (Group B) EPS contained electron dense fibrils of variable sizes, some of which were typical of human A\u03b2 fibrils.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study detected both soluble and insoluble A\u03b2 fibrils within the EPS of periodontal and endodontic natural biofilm, strongly suggesting its role as an antimicrobial peptide in combatting local infection, with potential risk for cross-seeding into the brain for AD development.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-220076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T12:34:20Z","timestamp":1670330060000},"page":"757-773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["<i>Ex vivo<\/i>\n                    Detection of Amyloid-\u03b2 in Naturally Formed Oral Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Shalini","family":"Kanagasingam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"von Ruhland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron and Light Microscopy Facility, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Wales, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Welbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sim K.","family":"Singhrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Behavior Centre, Faculty of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02893605"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199307000-00002"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2008-13403"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-121918"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003391"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160152"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170058"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2018.06.3040"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aau3333"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2017.00195"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35702\/nrj.10003"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00042"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-4580(00)00124-X"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13550280290100969"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3102"},{"key":"ref016","first-page":"146","volume":"64","author":"Alzheimer A","year":"1907","journal-title":"Allgemeine Z Psychiatr Psychisch-gerichtliche Med"},{"key":"ref017","unstructured":"DueholmMS, NielsenPH (2017) Amyloids \u2013 a neglected child of the slime. In The Perfect Slime, Microbial Extra cellular Polymeric Substances (EPS), Flemming HC, Neu TR, Wingender J, eds. IWA Publishing, London, UK, pp. 113\u2013134."},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-007-7110-2"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067484"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1997.1348"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.4.815"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03680"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142841"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-061516-045104"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15096"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep30028"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/341226a0"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370220904924"},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509346549"},{"key":"ref030","first-page":"825","volume":"29","author":"Siqueira JF","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Calif Dent Assoc"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00406"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1972.43.4.202"},{"issue":"1","key":"ref034","first-page":"102","volume":"89","author":"Herrera D","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Periodontol"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.1990.tb00847.x"},{"issue":"20","key":"ref036","first-page":"S1","volume":"45","author":"Caton JG","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199207000-00018"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15015"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2873"},{"key":"ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204941"},{"key":"ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-200250"},{"key":"ref042","unstructured":"RyderM, DetkeM, SabbaghM, BolgerJ, HenningsD, SkljarevskiV, KapurS, RahaD, ErminiF, NguyenM, HaditschU, PerryK, RitchK, HendrixS, Sam DicksonS, HasturkH, HorineS, MallinckrodtC, HolsingerLJ, LynchC, DominyS (2022) A role for P. gingivalis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from the GAIN Study.An abstract for the data presented at the 4th international Conference on P. gingivalis in Louisville, Kentucky."},{"key":"ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/ADR-220029"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-020-0125-2"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2016.1260710"},{"key":"ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ibiod.2014.01.019"},{"key":"ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01387181"},{"key":"ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/35.9.3302021"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-1902-0"},{"key":"ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210465"},{"key":"ref051","first-page":"237","volume":"14","author":"Goldner J","year":"1938","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1003404128497"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.17.1.208"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.04.006"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-017-0282-6"},{"key":"ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151081"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2017.170071"},{"key":"ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.038"},{"key":"ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.08.022"},{"key":"ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1993.tb00354.x"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-051X.2002.290801.x"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2000.016006269.x"},{"key":"ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2014.130572"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200405000-00004"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12781"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411980090040701"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12212"},{"key":"ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0030-4220(94)90047-7"},{"key":"ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2001.00437.x"},{"key":"ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00165.x"},{"key":"ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2012.03.004"},{"key":"ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bdj.2007.893"},{"key":"ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.12.012"},{"key":"ref074","first-page":"2003","volume":"52","author":"WHO\/CDS\/CSR\/APH\/2000 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2003","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wky Rep"},{"key":"ref075","unstructured":"WHO consultation (1999) WHO Infection Control Guidelines for Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies.\n                      World Health Organization Communicable Disease Surveillance and Control\n                      , Geneva, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.07.008"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-220076","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/ADR-220076","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-220076","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:57:21Z","timestamp":1777370241000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/ADR-220076"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/ADR-220076"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/adr-220076","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,5]]}}}