{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T23:51:03Z","timestamp":1786578663130,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675296000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive postscripts of COVID-19, codenamed as \u2018cognitive COVID\u2019 or \u2018brain fog,\u2019 characterized by multidomain cognitive impairments, are now being reckoned as the most devastating sequelae of COVID-19. However, the impact on the already demented brain has not been studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to assess the cognitive functioning and neuroimaging following SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with pre-existing dementia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fourteen COVID-19 survivors with pre-existing dementia (four with Alzheimer\u2019s disease, five with vascular dementia, three with Parkinson\u2019s disease dementia, and two with the behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia) were recruited. All these patients had detailed cognitive and neuroimaging evaluations within three months before suffering from COVID-19 and one year later.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the 14 patients, ten required hospitalization. All developed or increased white matter hyperintensities that mimicked multiple sclerosis and small vessel disease. There was a significant increase in fatigue ( p\u200a=\u200a0.001) and depression ( p\u200a=\u200a0.016) scores following COVID-19. The mean Frontal Assessment Battery (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001) and Addenbrooke\u2019s Cognitive Examination ( p\u200a=\u200a0.001) scores also significantly worsened.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The rapid progression of dementia, the addition of further impairments\/deterioration of cognitive abilities, and the increase or new appearance of white matter lesion burden suggest that previously compromised brains have little defense to withstand a new insult (i.e., \u2018second hit\u2019 like infection\/dysregulated immune response, and inflammation). \u2018Brain fog\u2019 is an ambiguous terminology without specific attribution to the spectrum of post-COVID-19 cognitive sequelae. We propose a new codename, i.e. \u2018FADE-IN MEMORY\u2019 (i.e., Fatigue, decreased Fluency, Attention deficit, Depression, Executive dysfunction, slowed INformation processing speed, and subcortical MEMORY impairment).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-220090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T11:08:41Z","timestamp":1675422521000},"page":"119-128","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["The Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Infection on the Cognitive Functioning of Patients with Pre-Existing Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Souvik","family":"Dubey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shambaditya","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ritwik","family":"Ghosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Burdwan Medical College, and Hospital, Burdwan, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahua Jana","family":"Dubey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Berhampur Mental Hospital, Berhampur, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arka Prava","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipayan","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar, India"},{"name":"Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Madras, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"School of Sciences, Indira Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gautam","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajitava","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arindam","family":"Santra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine, Bangur Institute of Neurosciences (BIN), Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samya","family":"Sengupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Medicine, Apollo Gleneagles Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juli\u00e0n","family":"Benito-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital \u201c12 de Octubre\u201d, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00f3dica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.804922"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.804937"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27404"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18103\/mra.v10i3.2707"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-04569-5"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.770459"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.04.006"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2022.06.002"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137748"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101044"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00469-w"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12644"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0273352"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041481"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2022.0461"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.588872"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23743735211059051"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.698169"},{"key":"ref019","volume":"32","author":"Perrotta F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084275"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.12.020"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100347"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103268"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-020-00744-w"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.699582"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.05.035"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S2724-6612.21.02143-9"},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0265900"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.02201"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-020-1500-7"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.686029"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab435"},{"key":"ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.22.27594"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864221111995"},{"key":"ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100484"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911291"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70178-3"},{"key":"ref040","first-page":"189","volume":"5","author":"Erkinjuntti T","year":"1994","journal-title":"Dementia"},{"key":"ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2015.1073227"},{"key":"ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WAD.0b013e31815c3445"},{"key":"ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-44775-9_6"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.55.11.1621"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acv040"},{"key":"ref046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022"},{"key":"ref048","first-page":"508","volume":"98","author":"Maurer DM","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106333"},{"key":"ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0040-1716806"},{"key":"ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10543406.2014.1000548"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19960330)15:6<631::AID-SIM206>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/33.8.1061"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.057472"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/npr2.12154"},{"key":"ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2020.110469"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.947973"},{"key":"ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10121012"},{"key":"ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117271"},{"key":"ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN0804_3"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1336_17"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2021.1954002"},{"key":"ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.10.006"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4920"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30277-5"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.045518"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0294-3"},{"key":"ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00351-y"},{"key":"ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2016.07.011"},{"key":"ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000177940"},{"key":"ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12220"},{"key":"ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.3_Part_1.420"},{"key":"ref073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2012.10.005"},{"key":"ref074","first-page":"1058","volume":"19","author":"Klawiter EC","year":"2013","journal-title":"Continuum (Minneap Minn)"},{"key":"ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2055217320906844"},{"key":"ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1053-8119(03)00117-4"},{"key":"ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr169"},{"key":"ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2019.02.001"},{"key":"ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018101"},{"key":"ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.61.10.1531"},{"key":"ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2021.100326"},{"key":"ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2021.100290"},{"key":"ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2020.173"},{"key":"ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2021.0127"},{"key":"ref085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2015.071"},{"key":"ref086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.638651"},{"key":"ref087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.009"},{"key":"ref088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.118307"},{"key":"ref089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-022-00538-x"},{"key":"ref090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101651"},{"key":"ref091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2022.08.007"},{"key":"ref092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaclp.2021.08.009"},{"key":"ref093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2016.00104"},{"key":"ref094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2016.00078"},{"key":"ref095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e10499"},{"key":"ref096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.06.008"},{"key":"ref097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23736\/S0391-1977.20.03216-2"},{"key":"ref098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvaa203"},{"key":"ref099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nrl.2021.09.007"},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2022.101275"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1523_21"},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2018-320050"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520912175"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.755333"},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22041804"},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10070-8"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-022-02500-w"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-02052-3"},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103368"},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2021-0148"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41983-021-00277-5"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-220090","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/ADR-220090","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-220090","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:57:24Z","timestamp":1777370244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/ADR-220090"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jesus","family":"\u00c1vila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/ADR-220090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/adr-220090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]]}}}