{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T19:29:22Z","timestamp":1785526162991,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditional methods for diagnosing dementia are costly, time-consuming, and somewhat invasive. Since the retina shares significant anatomical similarities with the brain, retinal abnormalities detected via optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have been studied as a potential non-invasive diagnostic tool for neurodegenerative disorders; however, the most effective retinal changes remain a mystery to be unraveled in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to explore the relationship between retinal abnormalities in OCT\/OCTA images and cognitive decline as well as evaluating biomarkers\u2019 effectiveness in detecting neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A systematic search was conducted on PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus until December 2022, resulted in 64 papers using agreed search keywords, and inclusion\/exclusion criteria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The superior peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) is a trustworthy biomarker to identify most Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) cases; however, it is inefficient when dealing with mild AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The global pRNFL (pRNFL-G) is another reliable biomarker to discriminate frontotemporal dementia from mild AD and healthy controls (HCs), moderate AD and MCI from HCs, as well as identifing pathological A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>42<\/jats:sub>\n                      \/tau in cognitively healthy individuals. Conversely, pRNFL-G fails to realize mild AD and the progression of AD. The average pRNFL thickness variation is considered a viable biomarker to monitor the progression of AD. Finally, the superior and average pRNFL thicknesses are considered consistent for advanced AD but not for early\/mild AD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retinal changes may indicate dementia, but further research is needed to confirm the most effective biomarkers for early and mild AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-230042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,3]],"date-time":"2023-11-03T12:10:16Z","timestamp":1699013416000},"page":"1201-1235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A Systematic Review on Retinal Biomarkers to Diagnose Dementia from OCT\/OCTA Images"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Yehia","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Macerollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Sardone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Statistics and Epidemiology Unit, Local Healthcare Authority of Taranto, Taranto, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaochun","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vito","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences, and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yalin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye and Vision Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK"},{"name":"Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Liverpool and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization, Dementia, WHO, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/dementia, Accessed December 16, 2022."},{"key":"ref002","unstructured":"NHS-UK, About dementia - 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