{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T21:44:24Z","timestamp":1791063864899,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Earlier research focuses primarily on the cognitive changes due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD); however, little is known with regard to changes in language competence across the lifespan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study aims to investigate the decline of language skills at the grammatical and syntactic levels due to changes in cognitive function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We administered the Litmus Sentence Repetition Task (SRT) to 150 native speakers of Greek who fall into five groups: 1) young healthy speakers, 2) cognitively intact elder healthy speakers, 3) speakers with subjective cognitive impairment (SCI), 4) speakers with mild cognitive impairment (MCI); and 5) speakers with AD dementia at the mild\/moderate stages. All participants underwent a physical and neurological examination and cognitive screening with a standardized neuropsychological battery to assess cognitive status comprehensively and evaluate aspects like working memory, executive function, attention and memory to appropriately classify them.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The data analysis revealed that the SRT had high discriminatory value in the development of AD; specifically, both accuracy and grammaticality indices were related to cognitive decline. Additionally, syntax significantly affected the performance of speakers with structures such as clitics being particularly challenging and in most structures the performance of speakers with MCI drops significantly compared to speakers with SCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linguistic indices revealed subtle early signs of cognitive decline that can be helpful in the early detection of AD, thus facilitating the clinical process offering support to language-based assessment tools such as sentence repetition, a non-invasive type of assessment to evaluate symptoms of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-230204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T09:29:21Z","timestamp":1722590961000},"page":"1115-1132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Language Markers of Dementia and Their Role in Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Exploring Grammatical and Syntactic Competence via Sentence Repetition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2422-7889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Kaltsa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical & Applied Linguistics, School of English, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthoula","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Greek Alzheimer\u2019s Association and Related Disorders (GAARD), Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioulietta","family":"Lazarou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Alzheimer\u2019s Association and Related Disorders (GAARD), Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Centre for Research and Technology-Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilias","family":"Mittas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, School of Philology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mairi","family":"Papageorgiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, School of Philology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Linguistics, School of Philology, Faculty of Philosophy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ianthi Maria","family":"Tsimpli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages and Linguistics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Tsolaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greek Alzheimer\u2019s Association and Related Disorders (GAARD), Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"First Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI \u2013 AUTh), Balkan Center, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100583"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70090-0"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150520"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jamia\/ocaa174"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.13003"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.642033"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt269"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2004.10.007"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1980-57642014DN83000016"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003165"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1533317520949708"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000084709"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2018.1446513"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170881"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12862"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2021.105041"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2003.08.004"},{"key":"ref018","first-page":"103","volume":"11","author":"Tang-Wai DF","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geriatr Aging"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jab.2016.02.002"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.1996.0033"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2017.1303441"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2007.07.044"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/1092-4388(2003\/027)"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/jshr.3003.343"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1993.00540010075021"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.654933"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02687038.2012.705814"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2020.434106"},{"key":"ref029","author":"Rentoumi V","journal-title":"8th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom 2017)"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780367824471-31"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcomm.2022.934487"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2019.03.001"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1367006918819867"},{"key":"ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12126"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/brln.2000.2355"},{"key":"ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390701550128"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704104177"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.33588\/rn.5811.2014048","volume":"58","author":"Lopez-Higes R","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2015.00096"},{"key":"ref040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TGR.0000000000000001"},{"key":"ref041","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Proceedings of 14th International Conference of Greek Linguistics (ICGL 14)","author":"Kaltsa M","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2018.00369"},{"key":"ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2019.00205"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2017.10.009"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.03.012"},{"key":"ref046","first-page":"705","volume-title":"Building Continents of Knowledge in Oceans of Data: The Future of Co-Created eHealth","author":"Lundholm-Fors K","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.686388"},{"key":"ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2015.06.002"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/sibil.54.11yil"},{"key":"ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.683131"},{"key":"ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.939"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2009.266"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2016.09.012"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/153331750001500604"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acw002"},{"key":"ref056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-210558"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704102014"},{"key":"ref058","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2008","journal-title":"San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation"},{"key":"ref059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp011"},{"key":"ref060","author":"Koch C","year":"2012","journal-title":"Wood Dale, IL: Stoelting Company"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acn.2007.06.002"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01688638908400940"},{"key":"ref063","first-page":"206","volume":"30","author":"Osterrieth PA","year":"1944","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6177(03)00039-8"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.772"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000106644"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J018v05n01_09"},{"key":"ref068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.12.2308"},{"key":"ref069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002093-199700112-00003"},{"key":"ref070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.11.1356"},{"key":"ref071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2412-a"},{"key":"ref072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2010.529463"},{"key":"ref073","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Methods for assessing multilingual children: Disentangling bilingualism from Language Impairment","author":"Marinis T","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref074","author":"Semel E","year":"2003","journal-title":"Toronto, Canada: The Psychological Corporation, Harcourt Assessment Company"},{"key":"ref075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.613992"},{"key":"ref076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10936-022-09853-z"},{"key":"ref077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S39959"},{"key":"ref078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324826an0402_6"},{"key":"ref079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3841(03)00100-1"},{"key":"ref080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022226706003914"},{"key":"ref081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lingua.2013.01.002"},{"key":"ref082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716414000101"},{"key":"ref083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"ref084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-023-02655-6"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-230204","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/ADR-230204","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-230204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:57:57Z","timestamp":1777370277000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/ADR-230204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/ADR-230204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/adr-230204","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}