{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T21:23:16Z","timestamp":1788556996415,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a need for integration and comprehensive characterization of environmental determinants of Alzheimer\u2019s disease. The Environmental Justice Index (EJI) is a new measure that consolidates multiple environmental health hazards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This analysis aims to explore how environmental vulnerabilities vary by race\/ethnicity and whether they predict cognitive outcomes in a clinical trial of mild cognitive impairment (MCI).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used data from a clinical trial of 107 MCI participants (28% minorities). Using the EJI, we extracted 40 measures of neighborhood environmental and social vulnerability including air and water pollution, access to recreational spaces, exposure to coal and lead mines, and area poverty. We also examined the relationship of the EJI to the Area Deprivation Index (ADI). Data was analyzed using regressions, correlations, and t-tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Environmental Burden Rank (EBR) across the sample (0.53\u00b10.32) was near the 50th percentile nationally. When divided by race\/ethnicity, environmental ( p\u200a=\u200a0.025) and social ( p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.0001) vulnerabilities were significantly elevated for minorities, specifically for exposure to ozone, diesel particulate matter, carcinogenic air toxins, and proximity to treatment storage and disposal sites. ADI state decile was not correlated with the EBR. Neither EBR nor ADI were a significant predictor of cognitive decline.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to link the EJI to an MCI trial. Despite limitations of a relatively small sample size, the study illustrates the potential of the EJI to provide deeper phenotyping of the exposome and diversity in clinical trial subjects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-240020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T10:53:00Z","timestamp":1715683980000},"page":"793-804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Characterizing Neighborhood Vulnerabilities in Mild Cognitive Impairment using the Environmental Justice Index"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Alisa","family":"Adhikari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Neurocognitive Disorders Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adaora","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Neurocognitive Disorders Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Hellegers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Neurocognitive Disorders Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davangere P.","family":"Devanand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Murali","family":"Doraiswamy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Neurocognitive Disorders Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA"},{"name":"Center for the Study of Aging and the Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","unstructured":"National Institute on Aging (2020) NIA Virtual Workshop: Understanding the role of the exposome in brain aging, Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and AD-related dememtias (ADRD). https:\/\/www.nia.nih.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2021-12\/Understanding-the-Role-of-the-Exposome-Meeting-Summary.pdf"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-021-00060-4"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.7559"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201179"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.3914"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1802313"},{"key":"ref007","unstructured":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health (2021) 2021 Area Deprivation Index v4. https:\/\/www.neighborhoodatlas.medicine.wisc.edu\/"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd13.160221"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011918"},{"key":"ref010","unstructured":"United States Environmental Protection Agency. Learn About Environmental Justice. https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/environmentaljustice\/learn-about-environmental-justice"},{"key":"ref011","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry (2022). Environmental Justice Index (EJI) Fact Sheet. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/eji\/index.html"},{"key":"ref012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry (2022) Environmental Justice Index (EJI) Indicators. www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/eji\/indicators.html"},{"key":"ref013","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry (2022) Environmental Justice Index (EJI) Technical Documentation. https:\/\/www.atsdr.cdc.gov\/placeandhealth\/eji\/docs\/EJI-2022-Documentation.pdf"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/EVIDoa2200121"},{"key":"ref015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-028536"},{"key":"ref016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2016.00123"},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2022.50"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-016-0342-y"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn348"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/81.4.897"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2017.08.020"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2007.131383"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/sp.2007.54.3.343"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300121"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0153"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-022-01193-z"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.3.590"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-240020","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/ADR-240020","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-240020","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:57:59Z","timestamp":1777370279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/ADR-240020"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/ADR-240020"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/adr-240020","relation":{},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}