{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:21:48Z","timestamp":1790061708686,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]],"date-time":"2024-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1704758400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative effects of traumatic brain injury is of increasing concern, especially with respect to its role in the etiology and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compare regional brain volume and connectivity between athletes with a history of concussion and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We evaluated whole-brain volumetric effects with Bayesian regression models and functional connectivity with network-based statistics, in 125 retired athletes (a mean of 11 reported concussions) and 36 matched controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Brain regions significantly lower in volume in the concussed group included the middle frontal gyrus, hippocampus, supramarginal gyrus, temporal pole, and inferior frontal gyrus. Conversely, brain regions significantly larger included the hippocampal and collateral sulcus, middle occipital gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, caudate nucleus, lateral orbital gyrus, and medial postcentral gyrus. Functional connectivity analyses revealed increased edge strength, most marked in motor domains. Numerous edges of this network strengthened in athletes were significantly weakened with concussion. Aligned to meta-analytic neuroimaging data, the observed changes suggest functional enhancement within the motor, sensory, coordination, balance, and visual processing domains in athletes, attenuated by concussive head injury with a negative impact on memory and language.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that engagement in sport may benefit the brain across numerous domains, but also highlights the potentially damaging effects of concussive head injury. Future studies with longitudinal cohorts including autopsy examination are needed to determine whether the latter reflects tissue loss from brain shearing, or the onset of a progressive Alzheimer\u2019s disease like proteinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/adr-240021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]],"date-time":"2024-03-19T11:49:08Z","timestamp":1710848948000},"page":"501-516","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Changes in Brain Structure and Function in a Multisport Cohort of Retired Female and Male Athletes, Many Years after Suffering a Concussion: Implications for Neuroplasticity and Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Turner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The International Concussion and Head Injury Research Foundation (ICHIRF), The Institute of Sport, Exercise and Health, University College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Belli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurotrauma and Ophthalmology Research Group, Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"Marker Diagnostics UK Limited, the BioHub, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, UK"},{"name":"College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Centre for Computational Biology, University of Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rudolph J.","family":"Castellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30371-X"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317557"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002496"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.3747"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(18)30065-8"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002316"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-018-1187-0"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2016.1948"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250402"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.10.1554"},{"key":"ref011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.52.1.78"},{"key":"ref012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.53.9.1959"},{"key":"ref013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-303938"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30403-4"},{"key":"ref015","first-page":"733","volume":"56","author":"Centers for Disease C, Prevention","year":"2007","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"ref016","unstructured":"FaulM, XuL, WaldMM, CoronadoVG (2010)\n                      Traumatic brain injury in the United States; emergency department visits, hospitalizations, and deaths, 2002-2006\n                      . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA."},{"key":"ref017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2013.07.022"},{"key":"ref018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000505424"},{"key":"ref019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000175725.75780.DD"},{"key":"ref020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617713000805"},{"key":"ref021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e3180383da5"},{"key":"ref022","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/2013.jamaneurol.340"},{"key":"ref023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318299ccf8"},{"key":"ref024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.12249"},{"key":"ref025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.0206"},{"key":"ref026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8141-0"},{"key":"ref027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2012.2535"},{"key":"ref028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-015-1012-0"},{"key":"ref029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02972"},{"key":"ref030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0094-5"},{"key":"ref031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab133"},{"key":"ref032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2014.3715"},{"key":"ref033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518778251"},{"key":"ref034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.8191"},{"key":"ref035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120932306"},{"key":"ref036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513509962"},{"key":"ref037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181a9d503"},{"key":"ref038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx350"},{"key":"ref039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2013.29"},{"key":"ref040","first-page":"1509","volume":"23","author":"MacKenzie JD","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"key":"ref041","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2006.0205"},{"key":"ref042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092248"},{"key":"ref043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMI.2015.2418298"},{"key":"ref044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.02.046"},{"key":"ref045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.10.034"},{"key":"ref046","author":"Zens G","year":"2021","journal-title":"arXiv"},{"key":"ref047","author":"Makalic E","year":"2016","journal-title":"ArXiv"},{"key":"ref048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2004.07.051"},{"key":"ref049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1132"},{"key":"ref050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhu239"},{"key":"ref051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.068"},{"key":"ref052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.06.041"},{"key":"ref053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07350015.1983.10509354"},{"key":"ref054","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-842X.00156"},{"key":"ref055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0010042"},{"key":"ref056","author":"Peixoto TP","year":"2014","journal-title":"figshare"},{"key":"ref057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.53385"},{"key":"ref058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2021.06.012"},{"key":"ref059","unstructured":"FIPAT Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology (2019)\n                      Terminologia Anatomica\n                      , 2nd ed."},{"key":"ref060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-405531-5.00003-1"},{"key":"ref061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000240"},{"key":"ref062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14377"},{"key":"ref063","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(12)70191-6"},{"key":"ref064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000379"},{"key":"ref065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15324826AN1003_04"},{"key":"ref066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617709991007"},{"key":"ref067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1897-z"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-240021","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/ADR-240021","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/ADR-240021","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:57:59Z","timestamp":1777370279000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/ADR-240021"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/ADR-240021"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/adr-240021","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2022.07.21.22277627","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2542-4823","2542-4823"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2542-4823","type":"print"},{"value":"2542-4823","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,9]]}}}