{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T19:10:12Z","timestamp":1789585812707,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BME"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Advances in bone tissue engineering offer novel options for the regeneration of bone tissue. In the current clinical treatment, the method of accelerating bone tissue regeneration rate by promoting early angiogenesis has been widely accepted. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to develop a long-acting slow-release system using the pro-angiogenic drug tetramethylpyrazine (TMPZ) and pro-osteogenic drug icariin (ICA), which can be administered locally to achieve the sequential release of TMPZ and ICA for better clinically efficiency in the treatment of bone defects. METHODS: This study aimed to prepare microspheres with a core-shell structure using two polymers, poly lactic-co-glycolic acid and silk fibroin, by coaxial electrostatic spraying. Based on the therapeutic model for bone defects, the pro-angiogenic drug TMPZ and pro-osteogenic drug ICA were encapsulated in the shell and core layers of the microspheres, respectively. Subsequently, TMPZ and ICA were released sequentially to promote early angiogenesis and late osteogenesis, respectively, at the site of the bone defect. The optimal preparation parameters for preparing the drug-loaded microspheres were identified using the univariate controlled variable method. Additionally, microsphere morphology and core-shell structure, such as physical properties, drug-loading properties, in\u00a0vitro degradation and drug release patterns, were characterised using scanning electron microscope and laser scanning confocal microscopy. RESULTS: The microspheres prepared in this study were well-defined and had a core-shell structure. The hydrophilicity of the drug-loaded microspheres changed compared to the no-load microspheres. Furthermore, in\u00a0vitro results indicated that the drug-loaded microspheres with high encapsulation and loading efficiencies exhibited good biodegradability and cytocompatibility, slowly releasing the drug for up to three months. CONCLUSION: The development of the drug delivery system with a dual-step release mechanism has potential clinical applications and implications in the treatment of bone defects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bme-230012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]],"date-time":"2023-07-04T10:41:05Z","timestamp":1688467265000},"page":"503-523","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Preparation of drug-loaded microspheres with a core-shell structure using silk fibroin and poly lactic-co-glycolic acid and their\u00a0application"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":", School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":", School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shanxi Medical University, , China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-021-00311-0","article-title":"Electropsun polycaprolactone fibres in bone tissue engineering: a review","volume":"63","author":"Siddiqui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecular Biotechnology"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jot.2017.04.002","article-title":"Inflammation, ageing, and bone regeneration","volume":"10","author":"Gibon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Orthopaedic Translation"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729076","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/729076","article-title":"Design, materials, and mechanobiology of biodegradable scaffolds for bone tissue engineering","volume":"2015","author":"Velasco","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2015.11.011","article-title":"Tissue engineering strategies for promoting vascularized bone regeneration","volume":"83","author":"Almubarak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.05.017","article-title":"Scaffolds for bone tissue engineering: state of the art and new perspectives","volume":"78","author":"Roseti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Materials Science and Engineering: C"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1682","article-title":"Phytochemicals impact on osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"46","author":"Sharifi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioFactors (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25133075","article-title":"Herbal remedies as potential in cartilage tissue engineering: an overview of new therapeutic approaches and strategies","volume":"25","author":"Buhrmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3875","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24213875","article-title":"Icariin promotes the osteogenic action of BMP2 by activating the cAMP signaling pathway","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.12.004","article-title":"Puerariae Lobatae Radix with chuanxiong Rhizoma for treatment of cerebral ischemic stroke by remodeling gut microbiota to regulate the brain\u2013gut barriers","volume":"65","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e88243","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0088243","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine ameliorates high glucose-induced endothelial dysfunction by increasing mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/BME-230012_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2018.02.050","article-title":"A systematic review on the rhizome of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort. 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