{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T05:52:08Z","timestamp":1780638728724,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Low back pain affects 80% of people worldwide at least once in a lifetime and reduces the quality of life and causes absence from work. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the pain and functional status of patients with lumbar disc disease who received blind caudal epidural injections (CEI) for pain relief. METHODS: The records of 107 patients who had been given CEI between September 2017 and January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. The inclusion criteria were age &gt; 18 years, &gt; 3-month history of low back pain, and diagnosis of lumbar disc disease by magnetic resonance imaging. The epidural injection solution consisted of 2 mL of betamethasone sodium and 8 mL saline. Follow-up examinations were conducted 3 and 6 months post-injection and the patients were evaluated using a visual analog scale (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). RESULTS: The most common disc pathology was at the L4\u2013L5 level. The VAS and ODI scores indicated significantly reduced pain at 3 and 6 months compared with the pre-injection baseline. Two patients experienced total anesthesia and paresis of the lower limbs, but recovered fully after 2 weeks. Blood was aspirated during the injection in two patients, but second-attempt injections were successful in both cases. No other complications were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that the blind method is safe for administering CEI to patients with chronic low back pain in the absence of radiological screening and results in significant pain relief with improved functional capacity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-200262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,18]],"date-time":"2021-06-18T14:42:04Z","timestamp":1624027324000},"page":"135-139","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Caudal epidural steroid injection for chronic low back pain: A prospective analysis of 107 patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Bahar","family":"Dernek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suavi","family":"Aydo\u011fmu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Klinikum Esslingen, Esslingen am Neckar, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u0130brahim","family":"Ulusoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diyarbak\u0131r Selahaddin Eyy\u00fcbi State Hospital, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tahir Mutlu","family":"Duymu\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00d6zel Sayg\u0131 Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sedef","family":"Ersoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatma Nur","family":"Kesikta\u015f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istanbul Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demirhan","family":"D\u0131raco\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cihan","family":"Aksoy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9217145","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9217145","article-title":"Caudal epidural block: an updated review of anatomy and techniques","volume":"2017","author":"Kao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e35340","DOI":"10.5812\/aapm.35340","article-title":"Vertical small-needle caudal epidural injection technique","volume":"6","author":"Maniquis-Smigel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anesth Pain Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1502-y","article-title":"An updated overview of clinical guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care","volume":"19","author":"Koes","year":"2010","journal-title":"EurSpine J."},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1159\/000443729","article-title":"The epidural treatment of sciatica: its origin and evolution","volume":"75","author":"Ter Meulen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2015.28.2.122","article-title":"A comparison of two techniques for ultrasound-guided caudal injection: the influence of the depth of the inserted needle on caudal block","volume":"28","author":"Doo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J Pain."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/679128","article-title":"Assessment of factors affecting the difficulty of caudal epidural injections in adults using ultrasound","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain Res Manag."},{"issue":"22","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200011150-00017","article-title":"The oswestry disability index","volume":"25","author":"Fairbank","year":"2000","journal-title":"Spine (Phila PA 1976)."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439305281503","article-title":"Evaluating the effectiveness of visual analog scales: a web experiment","volume":"24","author":"Couper","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc Sci Comput Rev."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-010-1469-8","article-title":"Caudal epidurals: the accuracy of blind needle placement and the value of a confirmatory epidurogram","volume":"19","author":"Barham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aei236","article-title":"Landmarks of the sacral hiatus for caudal epidural block: an anatomical study","volume":"95","author":"Senoglu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref11","first-page":"502","article-title":"Incorrect needle position during lumbar epidural steroid administration: inaccuracy of loss of air pressure resistance and requirement of fluoroscopy and epidurography during needle insertion","volume":"26","author":"Bartynski","year":"2005","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200401000-00010","article-title":"An anatomic study of the sacral hiatus: a basis for successful caudal epidural block","volume":"20","author":"Sekiguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin J Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2004\/7\/81","article-title":"Evaluation of fluoroscopically guided caudal epidural injections","volume":"7","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcot.2016.02.001","article-title":"Selective nerve root blocks vs. caudal epidural injection for single level prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc \u2013 a prospective randomized study","volume":"8","author":"Singh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Orthop Trauma."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200262_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-014-3490-4","article-title":"Do epidural injections provide short- and long-term relief for lumbar disc herniation? A systematic review","volume":"473","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin OrthopRelat Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/BMR-200262","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:40Z","timestamp":1777382800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/BMR-200262"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-200262","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-6324","1053-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]}}}