{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:50:42Z","timestamp":1790193042754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic condition characterized by widespread muscular or musculoskeletal pain of at least 3 months\u2019 duration, occurring above and below the waist, on both sides of the body. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a rehabilitation program based on motor imagery versus a conventional exercise program in FM in terms of pain, functional and psychological outcomes. METHODS: Twenty-nine female subjects were randomly assigned to a group receiving motor imagery-based rehabilitation (MIG) or to a control group (CG) performing conventional rehabilitation. Outcome assessments were performed before (T0) and after 10 sessions of treatment (T1) and at a 12-week follow-up (T2). Pain, function and psychological measurements were conducted by means of different questionnaires. RESULTS: Both treatments improved all outcomes at post-treatment (T1) and follow-up (T2). The MIG showed a significant improvement in anxiety disorder associated with FM with respect to the CG, as well as improvements in coping strategies. CONCLUSIONS: Rehabilitation treatment based on motor imagery showed a stronger effect on anxiety and coping behavior than traditional physiotherapy in patients with FM. Integrated psychological support would be desirable in this setting. Further research is needed to explore the aspects investigated in more depth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-200328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T05:19:50Z","timestamp":1625635190000},"page":"403-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Effects of a motor imagery-based exercise protocol on chronic pain and emotional distress in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Teresa","family":"Paolucci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, \u201cG. D\u2019Annunzio\u201d University of Chieti-Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Agostini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Mangone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Torquati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurorehabilitation, MultiMedica IRCCS, Limbiate \u2013 Monza-Brianza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Scienza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Sorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant\u2019Andrea University Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaia Romana","family":"Pellicano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Bernetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Paoloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical and Histological Sciences, Legal Medicine and Orthopedics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2018.20.1\/whauser","article-title":"Facts and myths pertaining to fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2012.01.002","article-title":"Differential pain modulation in patients with peripheral neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia","volume":"3","author":"Gormsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scand J Pain."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2001.65.12.tb03497.x","article-title":"Pain and the neuromatrix in the brain","volume":"65","author":"Melzack","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Dent Educ."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05344.x","article-title":"Neuroendocrine immunology of fibromyalgia","volume":"1193","author":"Di Franco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215511414443","article-title":"Efficacy of perceptive rehabilitation in the treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain through a new tool: A randomized clinical study","volume":"26","author":"Morone","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref8","first-page":"327","article-title":"Trade-offs with rehabilitation effectiveness (REs) and efficiency (REy) in a sample of Italian disabled persons in a in post-acuity rehabilitation unit","volume":"32","author":"Damiani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Ig."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2014.01.001","article-title":"Central sensitization in fibromyalgia? A systematic review on structural and functional brain MRI","volume":"44","author":"Cagnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref10","first-page":"762","article-title":"Centralized pain and fibromyalgia: What do we mean when we say \u201cit\u2019s all in your head\u201d?","volume":"156","author":"Ablin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Harefuah."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3109\/09593985.2015.1060656","article-title":"Moving without moving: Immediate management following lumbar spine surgery using a graded motor imagery approach: a case report","volume":"31","author":"Louw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref12","first-page":"CD001980","article-title":"Mind and body therapy for fibromyalgia","author":"Theadom","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref13","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Idiopathic facial palsy: Umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses","volume":"34","author":"Agostini","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Biol Regul Homeost Agents."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.23736\/S1973-9087.19.05757-5","article-title":"Give me a kiss! An integrative rehabilitative training program with motor imagery and mirror therapy for recovery of facial palsy","volume":"56","author":"Paolucci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The american college of rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity","volume":"62","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken)."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c332","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c332","article-title":"CONSORT 2010 statement: Updated guidelines for reporting parallel group randomised trials","volume":"340","author":"Schulz","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref17","first-page":"728","article-title":"The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: Development and validation","volume":"18","author":"Burckhardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Rheumatol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R125","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2792","article-title":"Development and validation of the self-administered fibromyalgia assessment status: A disease-specific composite measure for evaluating treatment effect","volume":"11","author":"Salaffi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(89)90194-2","article-title":"Comparison of verbal and visual analogue scales for measuring the intensity and unpleasantness of experimental pain","volume":"37","author":"Duncan","year":"1989","journal-title":"Pain."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x","article-title":"The assessment of anxiety states by rating","volume":"32","author":"Hamilton","year":"1959","journal-title":"Br J Med Psychol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56","article-title":"A rating scale for depression","volume":"23","author":"Hamilton","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3999(96)00228-0","article-title":"Cross validation of the factor structure of the 20-item toronto alexithymia scale: An Italian multicenter study","volume":"41","author":"Bressi","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.56.2.267","article-title":"Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach","volume":"56","author":"Carver","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Pers Soc Psychol."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7574589","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7574589","article-title":"A new rehabilitation tool in fibromyalgia: The effects of perceptive rehabilitation on pain and function in a clinical randomized controlled trial","volume":"2016","author":"Paolucci","year":"2016","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malfliet A PtMSc., Van Oosterwijck J Pt PhD, Meeus M Pt PhD, Cagnie B Pt PhD, Danneels L Pt PhD, Dolphens M Pt PhD, Buyl R Pt PhD, Nijs J Pt PhD. Kinesiophobia and maladaptive coping strategies prevent improvements in pain catastrophizing following pain neuroscience education in fibromyalgia\/chronic fatigue syndrome: An explorative study. Physiother Theory Pract. 2017 Aug; 33(8): 653-660.","DOI":"10.1080\/09593985.2017.1331481"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1089\/biores.2019.0011","article-title":"Therapeutic alliance in a single versus group rehabilitative setting after breast cancer surgery: Psychological profile and performance rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"Paolucci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biores Open Access."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1127\/anthranz\/2018\/0900","article-title":"Cognitive functions, emotions and personality in woman with fibromyalgia","volume":"75","author":"Bartkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anthropol Anz."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1080\/09638288.2017.1395085","article-title":"\u201cI just want my life back!\u201d \u2013 Men\u2019s narratives about living with fibromyalgia","volume":"41","author":"Sallinen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001290","article-title":"The effects of exercise training on anxiety in fibromyalgia patients: A meta-analysis","volume":"49","author":"McDowell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dib.2020.105419","article-title":"Data of patients undergoing rehabilitation programs","volume":"30","author":"Seccia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Data Brief."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref32","first-page":"119","article-title":"Effects of stress and relaxation on central pain modulation in chronic whiplash and fibromyalgia patients compared to healthy controls","volume":"19","author":"Coppieters","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/wcs.1201","article-title":"Pain","volume":"4","author":"Melzack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1515\/REVNEURO.1996.7.4.285","article-title":"Neural representations for action","volume":"7","author":"Decety","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Neurosci."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00442","article-title":"Alexithymia and depression affect quality of life in patients with chronic pain: A study on 205 patients with fibromyalgia","volume":"9","author":"Tesio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-018-3932-5","article-title":"\u2018Exercise to me is a scary word\u2019: Perceptions of fatigue, sleep dysfunction, and exercise in people with fibromyalgia syndrome-a focus group study","volume":"38","author":"Russell","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-200328_ref37","first-page":"CD003786","article-title":"Exercise for treating fibromyalgia syndrome","author":"Busch","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/BMR-200328","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:26:46Z","timestamp":1777382806000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/BMR-200328"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-200328","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-6324","1053-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]}}}