{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T14:21:31Z","timestamp":1792592491024,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Although several studies have been conducted to determine the cause of low back pain (LBP), a sufficient correlation has not been found between research findings and symptoms. Therefore there seems to be a need for studies to explain the relationship between pain and morphological changes in the paraspinal muscles of patients with LBP through comparisons with healthy control subjects. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine degeneration in the lumbar musculus multifidus (LMF) and lumbar musculus erector spinae (LES) muscles in patients with chronic LBP with non-radiculopathy lumbar disc herniation (LDH), patients with mechanical LBP, and healthy individuals. METHODS: The study included 35 patients with mechanical LBP, 38 patients with non-radiculopathy LDH, and a control group of 36 healthy participants. In all patients and the control group, evaluations were made on axial magnetic resonance imaging slices at L3-S1 level of the LMF and LES cross-sectional areas (CSA), total CSA (TCSA = LMF+LES), fat infiltrations and asymmetries. RESULTS: The mean CSA values of the right and left LMF and LES showed significant differences between the groups (p&lt; 0.001, p= 0.002, p= 0.002, p= 0.010, respectively). Fat infiltrations showed a difference between the right-left LMF and left LES groups (p= 0.007, p&lt; 0.001, p= 0.026, respectively). Asymmetry was not observed between the CSA and TCSA of the right and left sides. CONCLUSION: A correlation was found between fat infiltration in the LMF and mechanical LBP and LDH. However, no significant correlation was determined between LBP and the CSA and TCSA of the LMF and LES. This was thought to be due to an incorrect result of CSA and TCSA in the evaluation of muscle mass. Therefore, for a more accurate evaluation of muscle mass, it can be considered necessary to measure muscle atrophy associated with fat infiltration or functional CSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-220055","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]],"date-time":"2023-02-07T11:26:59Z","timestamp":1675769219000},"page":"637-650","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluation of the degeneration of the multifidus and erector spinae muscles in patients with low back pain and healthy individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Alikemal","family":"Yazici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Orthopedics and Traumatology Department, Buyuk Anadolu Hospital, Samsun, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tuba","family":"Yerlikaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adile","family":"Oniz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"},{"name":"Institute of Graduate Studies, Department of Biophysics, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2007.01.004","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain","volume":"25","author":"Rubin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurol Clin."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1053\/crad.1999.0340","article-title":"Correlation between the MRI changes in the lumbar multifidus muscles and leg pain","volume":"55","author":"Kader","year":"2000","journal-title":"Clin Radiol."},{"issue":"281","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1080\/17453674.1998.11744790","article-title":"Epidemiology of low back pain","volume":"69","author":"Andersson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Orthop Scand."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.E.01273","article-title":"Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences","volume":"88","author":"Katz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R159","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4674","article-title":"Increase of nerve growth factor levels in the human herniated intervertebral disc: can annular rupture trigger discogenic back pain","volume":"16","author":"Aoki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12268","article-title":"Painful, degenerating intervertebral discs up-regulate neurite sprouting and CGRP through nociceptive factors","volume":"18","author":"Krock","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7580.2010.01227.x","article-title":"Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who is who in discogenic pain","volume":"217","author":"Garc\u00eda-Su\u00e1rez","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Anat."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12301","article-title":"Do variations in paraspinal muscle morphology and composition predict low back pain in men","volume":"25","author":"Fortin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scand J Med Sci Sports."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/ca.20659","article-title":"Three-dimensional study of the musculotendinous architecture of lumbar multifidus and its functional implications","volume":"21","author":"Rosatelli","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Anat."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220055_ref10","unstructured":"Bogduk N. 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