{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:10:17Z","timestamp":1791976217006,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: According to reports in the literature, osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF) is associated with paraspinal muscle degeneration; however, the association between the severity of OVCF and paraspinal muscle degeneration is not clear. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between paraspinal muscle degeneration and OVCF severity in postmenopausal women. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-six MRI images from 47 patients were collected and analyzed. Sagittal and axial coronal T2-weighted images were used to measure the fractured vertebra sagittal cross-sectional area (FSCSA), the adjacent normal vertebral body sagittal cross-sectional area (NSCSA), paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), and the fat cross-sectional area (FCSA). The ratio of fractured vertebra compressed sagittal cross-sectional area (RCSA) and fatty infiltration ratio (FIR) was subsequently calculated. The formulas for RCSA and FIR calculations are as follows: RCSA = (NSCSA-FSCSA)\/NSCSA; FIR = FCSA\/CSA. RCSA and FIR represent the severity of OVCF and paraspinal muscle degeneration, respectively. RESULTS: The correlation between paraspinal muscle degeneration and OVCF severity was analyzed using the Pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis was performed to explore related risk factors. OVCF severity was closely associated with paraspinal muscle degeneration (L3\/4 FIR r= 0.704, P&lt; 0.05; L4\/5 FIR r= 0.578, P&lt; 0.05; L5\/S1 FIR r= 0.581, P&lt; 0.05). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the risk factor for OVCF severity was L3\/4 FIR (\u03b2= 0.421, P= 0.033). CONCLUSION: OVCF severity was associated with the FIR of paraspinal muscles, and L3\/4 FIR was a predictive factor for OVCF severity in postmenopausal women.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-220059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T14:08:39Z","timestamp":1663682919000},"page":"323-329","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The association between paraspinal muscle degeneration and osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture severity in postmenopausal women"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Jingmen No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Jingmen, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, PLA Middle Military Command General Hospital, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xian-Hua","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, PLA Middle Military Command General Hospital, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi-Rong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Jingmen No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Jingmen, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, PLA Middle Military Command General Hospital, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin-Hao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Jingmen No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Jingmen, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Jingmen No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Jingmen, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Spine Surgery, Jingmen No. 2 People\u2019s Hospital, Jingmen, Wuhan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E13","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2017.1.E13","article-title":"Does percutaneous vertebroplasty or Balloon kyphoplasty for Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures Increase the Incidence of New Vertebral Fractures? A meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain Physician."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1726","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-006-0172-4","article-title":"An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures","volume":"17","author":"Johnell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12632","article-title":"Quantitative imaging of peripheral trabecular bone microarchitecture using MDCT","volume":"45","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Phys."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0198407","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0198407","article-title":"Polymethylmethacrylate distribution is associated with recompression after vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: A retrospective study","volume":"13","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2017.24.3.187","article-title":"Quality of life in patients with osteoporotic vertebral compression Fractures","volume":"24","author":"Jung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Metab."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2014.11.031","article-title":"The effect of osteoporotic treatment on the functional outcome, re-fracture rate, quality of life and mortality in patients with hip fractures: A prospective functional and clinical outcome study on 520 patients","volume":"46","author":"Makridis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1111\/os.12962","article-title":"Imaging evaluation of fat infiltration in paraspinal muscles on MRI: A systematic review with a focus on methodology","volume":"13","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Orthop Surg."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref8","unstructured":"Jeon I, Kim SW, Yu D. Paraspinal muscle fatty degeneration as a predictor of progressive vertebral collapse in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures [published online ahead of print, 2021 Jul 31]. Spine J. 2021; S1529-9430 (21) 00844-5."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-82015-8","article-title":"Relationship of back muscle and knee extensors with the compensatory mechanism of sagittal alignment in a community-dwelling elderly population","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspd.2018.06.008","article-title":"The effect of paravertebral muscle on the maintenance of upright posture in patients with adult spinal deformity","volume":"7","author":"Banno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spine Deform."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13013-017-0116-0","article-title":"Associations between sarcopenia and degenerative lumbar scoliosis in older women","volume":"12","author":"Eguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scoliosis Spinal Disord."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562957","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2562957","article-title":"The association between imaging parameters of the paraspinal muscles, spinal degeneration, and low back pain","volume":"2017","author":"Kalichman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06394-8","article-title":"Degenerative lumbar scoliosis patients with proximal junctional kyphosis have lower muscularity, fatty degeneration at the lumbar area","volume":"30","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1015","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000004014","article-title":"The effects of paraspinal muscle volume on physiological load on the lumbar vertebral column: A finite-element study","volume":"46","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1169","DOI":"10.1002\/jsp2.1169","article-title":"Paraspinal muscle morphology and composition in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A histological analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shahidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JOR Spine."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.11005\/jbm.2013.20.2.75","article-title":"Changes of paraspinal muscles in postmenopausal osteoporotic spinal compression fractures: Magnetic resonance imaging study","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Metab."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4999","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06034-w","article-title":"Lumbar muscle volume in postmenopausal women with osteoporotic compression fractures: Quantitative measurement using MRI","volume":"29","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Radiol."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-020-06409-4","article-title":"The effect of posture on lumbar muscle morphometry from upright MRI","volume":"29","author":"Shaikh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20110380","article-title":"Quantitative paraspinal muscle measurements: Inter-software reliability and agreement using Osiri X and Image J","volume":"92","author":"Fortin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys Ther."},{"issue":"16","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e31824c767e","article-title":"Asymmetric degeneration of paravertebral muscles in patients with degenerative lumbar scoliosis","volume":"2012","author":"Shafaq","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"issue":"24","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2566","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.8361","article-title":"Screening for osteoporosis to prevent fractures","volume":"319","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.09.008","article-title":"Implementation of Models of Care for secondary osteoporotic fracture prevention and orthogeriatric Models of Care for osteoporotic hip fracture","volume":"30","author":"Mitchell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-013-2551-y","article-title":"A systematic review of models used in cost-effectiveness analyses of preventing osteoporotic fractures","volume":"25","author":"Si","year":"2014","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref24","unstructured":"Jeon I, Kim SW, Yu D. Paraspinal muscle fatty degeneration as a predictor of progressive vertebral collapse in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. Spine J. 2021; S1529-9430 (21) 00844-5."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0469-1","article-title":"The effects of homocysteine on the skeleton","volume":"16","author":"Saito","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-170898","article-title":"Capture the vertebral fracture: Risk factors as a prediction","volume":"32","author":"Zvekic-Svorcan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbat-Artigas S, Pion CH, Leduc-Gaudet JP, et al. Exploring the role of muscle mass, obesity, and age in the relationship between muscle quality and physical function. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2014; 15(4): 303.e13-303.e3.03E20.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2013.12.008"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.09.008","article-title":"Sarcopenic obesity or obese sarcopenia: A cross talk between age-associated adipose tissue and skeletal muscle inflammation as a main mechanism of the pathogenesis","volume":"35","author":"Kalinkovich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-018-2902-z","article-title":"Is a single-level measurement of paraspinal muscle fat infiltration and cross-sectional area representative of the entire lumbar spine","volume":"47","author":"Urrutia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skeletal Radiol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-016-1282-6","article-title":"Paraspinal muscles density: A marker for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"17","author":"Abbas","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2019.105629","article-title":"Lumbar lordosis reduction and disc bulge may correlate with multifidus muscle fatty infiltration in patients with single-segment degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis","volume":"189","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001848","article-title":"Contribution of lumbar spine pathology and age to paraspinal muscle size and fatty infiltration","volume":"2017","author":"Shahidi","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2733-7","article-title":"The correlation analysis between sagittal alignment and cross-sectional area of paraspinal muscle in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and degenerative spondylolisthesis","volume":"20","author":"Hiyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Musculoskelet Disord."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-019-06066-2","article-title":"Sarcopenia is related to spinal sagittal imbalance in patients with spinopelvic mismatch","volume":"28","author":"Ohyama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur Spine J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15492","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33867-0","article-title":"Correlation analysis of sagittal alignment and skeletal muscle mass in patients with spinal degenerative disease","volume":"8","author":"Hiyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1038\/bonekey.2016.48","article-title":"Effects of myokines on bone","volume":"5","author":"Kaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-015-0264-1","article-title":"IL-6 and IGF-1 Signaling Within and Between Muscle and Bone: How Important is the mTOR Pathway for Bone Metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Bakker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk6020055","article-title":"Role of physical activity in bone-muscle cross talk: Biological aspects and clinical implications","volume":"6","author":"Cariati","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cger.2011.03.003","article-title":"Sarcopenia: Origins and clinical relevance","volume":"27","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Geriatr Med."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2781","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-017-4151-8","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia: Where bone, muscle, and fat collide","volume":"28","author":"Hirschfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Osteoporos Int."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3786","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113786","article-title":"Osteosarcopenia, an Asymmetrical Overlap of Two Connected Syndromes: Data from the OsteoSys Study","volume":"13","author":"Pourhassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12870"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref43","first-page":"895474","article-title":"Comparison of QCT and DXA: Osteoporosis detection rates in postmenopausal women","volume":"2013","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int JEndocrinol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocd.2016.08.011","article-title":"Vertebral Body Compressive Strength Evaluated by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Hounsfield Units In Vitro","volume":"21","author":"Mi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Densitom."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref45","first-page":"27","article-title":"Nutritional supplementation in hip fracture sarcopenic patients: A narrative review","volume":"16","author":"de Sire","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220059_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.5312\/wjo.v12.i7.456","article-title":"Optimization of transdisciplinary management of elderly with femur proximal extremity fracture: A patient-tailored plan from orthopaedics to rehabilitation","volume":"12","author":"de Sire","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Orthop."}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/BMR-220059","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:27:16Z","timestamp":1777382836000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/BMR-220059"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-220059","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-6324","1053-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]}}}