{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:33:52Z","timestamp":1777466032400,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and also affects the musculoskeletal system. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to investigate the musculoskeletal symptoms, type of pain and effect on quality of life in patients presenting with pain after COVID-19. METHODS: This prospective, descriptive study included 97 patients aged 18 years or older who were diagnosed with COVID-19 based on a positive polymerase chain reaction test result, with or without musculoskeletal pain prior to COVID-19 infection. Patients who applied to the post-COVID-19 outpatient clinic with the complaint of pain at least 1 month and maximum 1 year after the diagnosis of COVID-19 were included. Patients\u2019 demographic characteristics and musculoskeletal examination findings were evaluated. The patients were examined, and the questionnaire forms were completed. The pain was assessed using the visual analog scale (VAS), the Douleur-Neuropathique-4 (DN-4) questionnaire, while the quality of life was assessed using the Short Form-36 (SF-36) survey. Patients were divided into groups in terms of gender, age, body mass index. Shapiro-Wilk\u2019s test, the independent samples t-test and the Mann-Whitney U test were used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 46.5 \u00b1 13.5 years, 30 of them were male. Pain increased in patients with pre-COVID-19 arthralgia and myalgia (p&lt; 0.001). Post-COVID-19 VAS was significantly higher than pre-COVID-19 VAS (7 \u00b1 1.2 vs. 3.2 \u00b1 1.9, p&lt; 0.05). Pre-COVID-19 patients with myalgia had significantly worse SF-36 physical function, social function, pain, general health perception (p&lt; 0.05). The mean scores of females in the SF-36 physical function, pain were significantly worse than males (p&lt; 0.05). According to DN-4, 41 (42.3%) patients had neuropathic pain. There was moderate negative correlation between VAS, DN-4 and SF-36 (p&lt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Arthralgia, myalgia, and neuropathic pain, all of which negatively affect the quality of life, are often observed in the patients infected with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-220297","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T10:10:39Z","timestamp":1689070239000},"page":"1061-1074","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Musculoskeletal system symptoms in patients with COVID-19 and the impact of these symptoms on quality of life"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6827-0053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ender","family":"Erden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0359-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ayla Cagliyan","family":"Turk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1405-618X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebru","family":"Erden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Erol Ol\u00e7ok Education and Research Hospital, Hitit University, Corum, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3052-5225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zuhal","family":"Dag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ankara Education and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072235","article-title":"Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) Analysis of China\u2019s Prevention and Control Strategy for the COVID-19 Epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"10223","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref3","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Weekly Epidemiological Update on COVID-19\u00a0\u2013 14-December 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/weekly-epidemiological-update-on-covid-19\u201414-december-2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.20.00847","article-title":"Musculoskeletal Consequences of COVID-19","volume":"102","author":"Disser","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-020-05073-9","article-title":"Rheumatologists\u2019 perspective on coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"39","author":"Misra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-021-05942-x","article-title":"Long COVID: rheumatologic\/musculoskeletal symptoms in hospitalized COVID-19 survivors at 3 and 6\u00a0months","volume":"41","author":"Karaarslan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-021-04882-8","article-title":"Postdischarge rheumatic and musculoskeletal symptoms following hospitalization for COVID-19: prospective follow-up by phone interviews","volume":"41","author":"Karaarslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rheumatol Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51350","article-title":"Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non-hospitalized Covid-19 \u201clong haulers\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Graham","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.01.031","article-title":"Viral arthralgia a new manifestation of COVID-19 infection? A cohort study of COVID-19-associated musculoskeletal symptoms","volume":"104","author":"Hoong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.09.052","article-title":"Follow-up of adults with noncritical COVID-19 two months after symptom onset","volume":"27","author":"Carvalho-Schneider","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6566","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27198","article-title":"Post-COVID syndrome: a single-center questionnaire study on 1007 participants recovered from COVID-19","volume":"93","author":"Kayaaslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14734","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.14734","article-title":"Musculoskeletal symptoms and related factors in postacute COVID-19 patients","volume":"75","author":"Bak\u0131lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medcle.2021.11.013","article-title":"Postintensive care syndrome in COVID-19. Unicentric pilot study. Calm does not come after the storm","volume":"159","author":"Mateo Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Med Clin (Engl Ed)"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.06.013","article-title":"Persistent neurological manifestations in long COVID-19 syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pinzon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2020.07.028","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 chronic symptoms: a postinfectious entity?","volume":"26","author":"Davido","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653516","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.653516","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: The Persistent Symptoms at the Post-viral Stage of the Disease. A Systematic Review of the Current Data","volume":"8","author":"Salamanna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/73.4.552","article-title":"Extradural infusion analgesia for postoperative pain relief","volume":"73","author":"Leith","year":"1994","journal-title":"British Journal of Anaesthesia"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.01","article-title":"Comparison of pain syndromes associated with nervous or somatic lesions and development of a new neuropathic pain diagnostic questionnaire (DN4)","volume":"114","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.02.003","article-title":"A comparison of the DN4 and LANSS questionnaires in the assessment of neuropathic pain: Validity and reliability of the Turkish version of DN4","volume":"11","author":"Unal-Cevik","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199206000-00002","article-title":"The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection","volume":"30","author":"Ware","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref22","first-page":"102","article-title":"Kisa form 36 (KF36)\u2019n\u0131n T\u00fcrk\u00e7e versionunun g\u00fcvenilirligi ve ge\u00e7erliligi [Validation and reliability of SH-36]","volume":"12","author":"Ko\u00e7yi\u011fit","year":"1999","journal-title":"\u0130la\u00e7 ve Tedavi Dergisi"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110525","article-title":"Physical and mental health complications post-COVID-19: Scoping review","volume":"147","author":"Shanbehzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Psychosom Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref24","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for behavioral science (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrance Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publisher; 1988."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-247","article-title":"Normative data and discriminative properties of short form 36 (SF-36) in Turkish urban population","volume":"6","author":"Demiral","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002496","article-title":"Time Course Prevalence of Post-COVID Pain Symptoms of Musculoskeletal Origin in Patients Who Had Survived to SARS-CoV-2 Infection","volume":"163","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-de-Las-Pe\u00f1as","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S365026","article-title":"Clinical Characteristics and Mechanisms of Musculoskeletal Pain in Long COVID","volume":"15","author":"Khoja","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"930789","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.930789","article-title":"Speculation on the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal injury with COVID-19 infection","volume":"9","author":"Veronesi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001969","article-title":"Musculoskeletal and neurological pain symptoms among hospitalized COVID-19 patients","volume":"101","author":"Jena","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1876","article-title":"Insight into pain syndromes in acute phase of mild-to-moderate COVID-19: Frequency, clinical characteristics, and associated factors","volume":"26","author":"Oguz-Akarsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000001699","article-title":"Pain Symptoms in COVID-19","volume":"100","author":"\u015eahin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11845-020-02433-x","article-title":"Clinical presentations of pain in patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"190","author":"Murat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ir J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3344\/kjp.2022.35.1.78","article-title":"The profile of musculoskeletal pain and its associations with sleep quality and depression during the COVID-19 in Turkey","volume":"35","author":"Aratel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Korean J Pain"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/msc.1657","article-title":"The prevalence and location of musculoskeletal pain following COVID-19","volume":"20","author":"Mills","year":"2022","journal-title":"Musculoskeletal Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2055","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of neuropathic pain associated with coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"27","author":"Di Stefano","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pzaa191","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaa191","article-title":"Brachial Plexus Neuropathies During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Retrospective Case Series of 15 Patients in Critical Care","volume":"101","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phys Ther"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977827","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.977827","article-title":"Somatosensory abnormalities after infection with SARS-CoV-2 \u2013 A prospective case-control study in children and adolescents","volume":"10","author":"Eitner","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3348","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14803","article-title":"Neurological outcome and quality of life 3\u00a0months after COVID-19: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Rass","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.27309","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)\u00a0\u2013 A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"94","author":"Malik","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"issue":"19","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.5612","article-title":"Symptoms and functional impairment assessed 8 months after mild COVID-19 among health care workers","volume":"325","author":"Havervall","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-05042-z","article-title":"COVID-19 behavioral health and quality of life","volume":"12","author":"Hansel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0254523","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254523","article-title":"Burden of post-COVID-19 syndrome and implications for healthcare service planning: A population-based cohort study","volume":"16","author":"Menges","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-220297_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216086","article-title":"Patient outcomes after hospitalisation with COVID-19 and implications for follow-up: results from a prospective UK cohort","volume":"76","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorax"}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/BMR-220297","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:27:27Z","timestamp":1777382847000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/BMR-220297"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-220297","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-6324","1053-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,31]]}}}