{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T03:55:00Z","timestamp":1780458900334,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Weightlifting is an Olympic sport for dynamic strength and power, and requires the execution of different lifting techniques It is important to analyze the forces subjected to the lower back during weightlifting movements to prevent injuries. Digital Human Modeling (DHM) is a powerful tool that can be used to analyze and optimize the performance of humans while doing their work or activities. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to present a simulation analysis of the lower back forces during the execution of two weightlifting techniques: Snatch (SN) and Clean &amp; Jerk (CJ), with different loads and for both genders. METHODS: Digital Human modelling through JACK simulation package was used analyze the forces exerted on the lumbosacral area (L5-S1) of the lower back in order to determine the risk for low back injuries. The level of compression and shear forces recommended by the literature have been set as thresholds. The simulaitons were performed in male and female models, with loads from 20\u2013100\u00a0kg. RESULTS: The results show that any weight higher than 60 kg in both movements poses risk for the weightlifters in terms of compression and shear forces. It has been observed that weightlifters can lift greater loads in the CJ technique compared to the SN technique. Furthermore, females are able to lift higher loads with lower risk of injuries. CONCLUSION: Weightlifting is a high-risk activity due to the high levels of shear and compression forces that the body is exposed to during the lifting techniques. Digital Human Modeling holds significant value due to their ability to facilitate the exploration of diverse conditions within a safe environment, devoid of any potential harm to human subjects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T11:51:29Z","timestamp":1703850689000},"page":"697-706","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Simulation analysis of low back forces in Snatch and Clean &amp; Jerk movements via digital human modelling"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Denise","family":"Soares","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberal Arts Department, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karim","family":"Abbady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suat","family":"Kasap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Shabanliyski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liberal Arts Department, American University of the Middle East, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230181_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.21123\/bsj.2018.15.4.0492","article-title":"Proposing an Analysis System to Monitoring Weightlifting Based on Training (Snatch and Clean and Jerk)","volume":"15","author":"Rahma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Baghdad Science Journal."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230181_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199010060-00003","article-title":"Weightlifting training in cardiac patients: considerations","volume":"10","author":"McKelvie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Sports Medicine."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230181_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1260\/1747-9541.10.5.869","article-title":"A Biomechanical Analysis of the Strongman Log Lift and Comparison with Weightlifting\u2019s Clean and Jerk","volume":"10","author":"Winwood","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sports Sci Coach."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230181_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meier N, Rabel S, Schmidt A. 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