{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:35:58Z","timestamp":1777466158229,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is a complex condition whose pathogenesis may include inflammation and signs of joint and bone degeneration. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and inflammatory blood parameters. METHODS: The study recruited patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis who attended the Rehabilitation Center of the Apostolo Foundation in Merate (LC). The scoliosis curve (Cobb\u2019s angle) was used as a severity index to compare with inflammatory blood parameters (white blood cells subpopulations, immunoglobulins, protein electrophoresis). In addition, the study used an overall severity grading called \u201cScoliosis Score\u201d which includes all spine angles and Risser\u2019s score (bone development index). RESULTS: Thirty-four subjects were recruited (mean age 14\u00a0years, 2\u00a0months), 30\u00a0females and 2\u00a0males. A significant correlation was found between Cobb\u2019s angle and the percentage values of beta-2 globulins in a directly proportional manner (r= 0.42, p= 0.01), and gamma globulins in an inversely proportional manner (r=-0.366, p= 0.04). However, no significant correlation between Cobb\u2019s angle and the absolute values of white blood cells and percentage subpopulations was found (r= 0.0821 p= 0.655). A moderate, inverse correlation was found between the Scoliosis Score and the percentage of neutrophils (r=-0.385, p= 0.02), a direct correlation was found between the Scoliosis Score and the percentage of lymphocytes (r= 0.404, p= 0.02). In addition, there was a strong correlation of the Scoliosis Score with alpha-2 globulin (r= 0.564, p= 0.0012), beta-1 globulin (r= 0.478, p= 0.0074), and beta-2 globulin (r= 0.370, p= 0.044) and an inverse relationship with gamma globulin (r=-0.625, p= 0.0002). The main correlations were confirmed by regression analysis. CONCLUSION: The correlation between beta-2 globulins and gamma globulins with Cobb\u2019s angle and the Scoliosis Score suggests a link between spinal curvature and inflammation in scoliosis patients, This link may indicate the significance of these parameters for diagnosing, staging the disease, and monitoring therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,2]],"date-time":"2024-02-02T10:44:02Z","timestamp":1706870642000},"page":"943-954","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Relationship between inflammatory laboratory parameters and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Bertel\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Center \u201cApostolo Foundation\u201d, Merate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"Giorgi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Center \u201cApostolo Foundation\u201d, Merate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Bellavite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Scuola di Medicina Omeopatica di Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Apostolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rehabilitation Center \u201cApostolo Foundation\u201d, Merate, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Ortolani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ospedale Policlinico, Dipartimento di Medicina, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Fila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Zanolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref1","first-page":"87","article-title":"Actual evidence in the medical approach to adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"50","author":"Negrini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000000652","article-title":"Research progress on the etiology and pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"133","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011812","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011812","article-title":"Understanding the role of the immune system in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Immunometabolic CONnections to Scoliosis (ICONS) study protocol","volume":"6","author":"Samaan","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-017-0193-0","article-title":"Understanding muscle-immune interactions in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a feasibility study","volume":"3","author":"Rudrapatna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pilot Feasibility Stud"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2013.05.069","article-title":"A current review of molecular mechanisms regarding osteoarthritis and pain","volume":"527","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v030a08","article-title":"Disc in flames: Roles of TNF-alpha and IL-1beta in intervertebral disc degeneration","volume":"30","author":"Johnson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur Cell Mater"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2100002","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.202100002","article-title":"Plasma proteomics analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients revealed by Quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proteomics Clin Appl"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zheng D, Li J, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu M. Special pathologic features of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Could there be a new type of muscular dystrophinopathy? Research Square. 2020; 2020.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-68440\/v1"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref9","first-page":"261","article-title":"Outline for the study of scoliosis","volume":"5","author":"Cobb","year":"1948","journal-title":"Instructional Course Lectures"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6357171","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6357171","article-title":"Cobb angle measurement of spine from x-ray images using convolutional neural network","volume":"2019","author":"Horng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Math Methods Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200110150-00015","article-title":"Geometric torsion in idiopathic scoliosis: three-dimensional analysis and proposal for a new classification","volume":"26","author":"Poncet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1096-z","article-title":"The classic: The iliac apophysis: an invaluable sign in the management of scoliosis. 1958","volume":"468","author":"Risser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref13","unstructured":"Colton T. Statistics in Medicine. 1974. Little, Brown and Company, Boston (Mass)."},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-016-3132-4","article-title":"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: evidence for intrinsic factors driving aetiology and progression","volume":"40","author":"Newton Ede","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Orthop"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001360","article-title":"Association between IL-6 and MMP3 common genetic polymorphisms and idiopathic scoliosis in bulgarian patients: A case-control study","volume":"41","author":"Nikolova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref16","first-page":"5","article-title":"Secondary scoliosis as a complication of acute transverse myelitis in a child","author":"D\u2019Amico","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Funct Morphol Kinesiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3775","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000003775","article-title":"Successful surgical treatment of scoliosis secondary to Guillain-Barre syndrome: Case report","volume":"95","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.3109\/14397595.2015.1097016","article-title":"Scoliosis-related factors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Mochizuki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mod Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E339","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3182843397","article-title":"Lumbar scoliosis in rheumatoid arthritis: epidemiological research with a DXA cohort","volume":"38","author":"Makino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-021-01261-y","article-title":"Incidence of and risk factors for spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, and vertebral fracture in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"40","author":"Yamada","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-008-0757-z","article-title":"Low bone mineral status in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181ebab39","article-title":"Abnormal bone quality in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a case-control study on 635\u00a0subjects and 269\u00a0normal controls with bone densitometry and quantitative ultrasound","volume":"36","author":"Lam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4055\/cios.2014.6.2.180","article-title":"Evaluation of bone mineral status in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"6","author":"Pourabbas Tahvildari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00097","article-title":"New Insights for RANKL as a Proinflammatory Modulator in Modeled Inflammatory Arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Papadaki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-012-1018-2","article-title":"Increased expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand in osteoblasts from adolescent idiopathic scoliosis patients with low bone mineral density","volume":"32","author":"Zhou","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-007-0390-2","article-title":"Elevated soluble receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand and reduced bone mineral density in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"16","author":"Suh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-799X-9-30","article-title":"Characteristics of lumbar scoliosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Ohishi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Orthop Surg Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2022.101773","article-title":"Risk factors for osteoporosis and fractures in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"36","author":"Baker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00298882","article-title":"Beta-2-microglobulin in diseases with high bone remodeling","volume":"57","author":"Ripoll","year":"1995","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2000.00004.x","article-title":"Role of interleukin-6 in beta2-microglobulin-induced bone mineral dissolution","volume":"57","author":"Balint","year":"2000","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2008.100","article-title":"Beta2-microglobulin stimulates osteoclast formation","volume":"73","author":"Menaa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref32","first-page":"1","article-title":"The natural history of idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"7","author":"Winiarski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ortop Traumatol Rehabil"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-199907000-0000311-25"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-019-04934-0","article-title":"Identification of potential therapeutic targets of deer antler extract on bone regulation based on serum proteomic analysis","volume":"46","author":"Yao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Biol Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref35","first-page":"19","article-title":"adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Common questions and answers","volume":"101","author":"Kuznia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-199408000-00009","article-title":"Levels of platelet calmodulin for the prediction of progression and severity of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"76","author":"Kindsfater","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E659","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181a3c7a2","article-title":"Comparison of the melatonin and calmodulin in paravertebral muscle and platelets of patients with or without adolescent idiopathic scoliosis","volume":"34","author":"Acaroglu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200204010-00016","article-title":"Platelet calmodulin levels in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: do the levels correlate with curve progression and severity","volume":"27","author":"Lowe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref39","first-page":"954","article-title":"beta 2 microglobulin plasma levels reflect disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"10","author":"Crisp","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/68291","article-title":"beta2-microglobulin as a marker of systemic lupus erythematosus activity","volume":"27","author":"Zychowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref41","first-page":"14","article-title":"The Role of Macronutrients, Micronutrients and Flavonoid Polyphenols in the Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis","author":"Martiniakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9177","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.913726","article-title":"Effects of hesperidin on H2O2-treated chondrocytes and cartilage in a rat osteoarthritis model","volume":"24","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230186_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524021666210315125330"}],"container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/BMR-230186","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T13:27:49Z","timestamp":1777382869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/BMR-230186"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/bmr-230186","relation":{},"ISSN":["1878-6324","1053-8127"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1878-6324","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1053-8127","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]]}}}