{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:35:41Z","timestamp":1777466141883,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Maintaining correct posture and optimal spine function has become an important issue due to the increased use of computers and smartphones. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of a 4-week downhill treadmill exercise (DTWE) program on participants with thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture (FHP). METHODS: Twenty-eight male participants were randomly assigned to the DTWE (n= 14) or standard treadmill walking exercise (STWE) (n= 14) group. They performed 30-minute exercise three times a week for 4\u00a0weeks. The vertebral angle was measured using a three-dimensional (3D) motion analysis system. Surface electromyography (EMG) was performed to record muscle activity in the thoracic erector spinae (TES), sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM), and cervical erector spinae (CES). RESULTS: The DTWE group showed significant increases in the craniovertebral angle (CVA) and TES EMG activity and significant decreases in the thoracic kyphosis angle and SCM and CES EMG activity compared with those shown by the STWE group following the intervention (p&lt; 0.05). However, lumbar lordosis or pelvic tilt angles did not differ significantly between the groups after the intervention (p&gt; 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: DTWE can be effective in reducing thoracic kyphosis and FHP without causing compensatory movements of the lumbar spine and pelvis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,29]],"date-time":"2023-12-29T11:51:32Z","timestamp":1703850692000},"page":"707-713","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Effects of 4-week downhill treadmill walking on the vertebral angle and postural muscle activity in participants with thoracic kyphosis and forward head posture: A comparative longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Jun-Hyeok","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hye-Seon","family":"Jeon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joo-Hee","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oh-Yun","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Woochol Joseph","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Ho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jong-Man","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, Kangwon-do, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230187_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.12674\/ptk.2016.23.3.048","article-title":"Effect of tactile feedbackon trunk posture and EMG activity in people with postural kyphosis during VDT work","volume":"23","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physical Therapy Korea"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230187_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.12812\/ksms.2013.15.2.113","article-title":"An empirical study on relationship between symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders and amount of smartphone usage","volume":"15","author":"Eom","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Korea Safety Management and Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230187_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-008-0690-3","article-title":"Spinal extension exercises prevent natural progression of kyphosis","volume":"20","author":"Ball","year":"2009","journal-title":"Osteoporosis International"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.3233\/BMR-230187_ref4","first-page":"E212","article-title":"The validity and reliability of noninvasive methods for measuring kyphosis","volume":"27","author":"Azadinia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Spine Surgery"},{"key":"10.3233\/BMR-230187_ref5","unstructured":"Neumann DA. 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