{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T12:36:16Z","timestamp":1777466176720,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Escala de Calidad de vida Osteoporosis (ECOS-16) was originally developed in Spanish to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) in post-menopausal women (PMW) with osteoporosis or osteopenia based on the osteoporosis-specific QoL instruments. ECOS-16 has been translated into several languages, but the Urdu version is not yet available.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To translate the ECOS-16 Questionnaire into Urdu and determine its validity and reliability in PMW with osteopenia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This was a linguistic validity and reliability study. ECOS-16 was translated into Urdu using Beaton\u2019s guidelines. Content validity was examined using Waltz\u2019s four-point ordinal scale. Twenty osteopenia-afflicted PMW aged 48\u201370 underwent pilot testing for face validity. Discriminant validity was determined by an independent T-test between PMW women with and without osteopenia. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman\u2019s correlation coefficient. Cronbach\u2019s alpha and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC\n                      <jats:sub>2,1<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factor analysis was used to describe the factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Each question\u2019s content validity ratio (CVR) was 0.83\u20131.00, while the scale\u2019s S-CVR was 0.96. Each question\u2019s Likert scale content validity index (CVI) was 0.91\u20130.93, while the scale\u2019s S-CVI was 0.91. Significant discriminant validity was found between groups in weeks I and II (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"p\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      -value\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"&lt;\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.001). A correlation coefficient of 0.89 and 0.96 (\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"p\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      -value\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"&lt;\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.001) between Urdu ECOS-16 total score and SF-36 and EQ-5D scores suggests convergent validity. One component explained 83.86% of Urdu ECOS-16\u2019s variance in factor analysis. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC\n                      <jats:sub>2,1<\/jats:sub>\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"=\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo>=<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.990, 95% CI, 0.985\u20130.994,\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"p\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      -value\n                      <jats:inline-formula>\n                        <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" alttext=\"&lt;\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                          <mml:mo>&lt;<\/mml:mo>\n                        <\/mml:math>\n                      <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                      0.001). Cronbach\u2019s alpha for standardized items was 0.995.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ECOS-16 translated in Urdu is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess QoL in PMW with osteopenia. It has a simple and easy language that can be understood easily by the Urdu-speaking population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T11:07:33Z","timestamp":1718363253000},"page":"1249-1258","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urdu translation, cross-cultural validation and reliability of ECOS-16 questionnaire among post-menopausal women with osteopenia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Saima","family":"Riaz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syed Shakil Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danish","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Hafeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Riphah International University","place":["Pakistan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of osteoporosis using quantitative ultrasound for menopausal women in rural and urban area","volume":"13","author":"Neema A","year":"2010","unstructured":"NeemaA ShwetaV InamdarS. 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