{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T03:57:51Z","timestamp":1787457471515,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["BMR"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching exercises have been widely advocated for the management of patients with different musculoskeletal conditions. However, its effect on the treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) in patients with forward head posture (FHP) has not been fully investigated. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of PNF stretching exercises on the treatment of TMD in patients with FHP. METHODS: A prospective, randomized, double-blinded clinical trial. Twenty-four patients with TMD and FHP aged from 18\u201340 years were randomly assigned to PNF or control group. The PNF group composed of 12 patients received PNF stretching exercises of masticatory muscles in addition to routine physical therapy treatment (FHP correction exercises and ultrasound for the temporomandibular joint); the control group composed of 12 patients received routine physical therapy treatment only. Interventions were conducted twice a week for six weeks. Craniovertebral angle, pain threshold, pain intensity, temporomandibular joint ROM, and temporomandibular joint function were assessed for all participants before and after the intervention. The outcomes were analyzed using Two-way mixed MANOVA. For further multiple comparisons, post-hoc tests with the Bonferroni correction were performed. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between both groups pre-treatment (p&gt; 0.05). Comparison between groups post-treatment revealed statistically significant differences in all outcome measures (p&lt; 0.05) in favor of the PNF group. CONCLUSION: Adding PNF stretching exercises of masticatory muscles to routine physical therapy programs is an effective method for management of TMD in patients with FHP more than routine physical therapy programs alone.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/bmr-230358","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]],"date-time":"2024-07-26T10:49:48Z","timestamp":1721990988000},"page":"1259-1268","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation stretching exercises for treatment of temporomandibular dysfunction in patients with forward head posture: A double-blinded, randomized, controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9056-3883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marwa Shafiek","family":"Saleh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science for Physical Therapy, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walaa Mohsen","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5586-498X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walaa Hamdy","family":"Elsayed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emad Eldin Mohamed","family":"Abdelatief","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Physical Therapy, October 6 University (O6U), 6th of October City, 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