{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:17:07Z","timestamp":1777479427768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CBM"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/cbm-170701","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,13]],"date-time":"2017-10-13T12:13:51Z","timestamp":1507896831000},"page":"235-246","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Are Helicobacter pylori highly cytotoxic genotypes and cardia gastric adenocarcinoma linked? Lessons from Iran"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Seyedeh Zahra","family":"Bakhti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saeid","family":"Latifi-Navid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"},{"name":"Biosciences and Biotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Advanced Technologies, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Namin 56318-51167, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saber","family":"Zahri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh Sadat","family":"Bakhti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari 48471-16548, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naser","family":"Hajavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189-53141, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Yazdanbod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189-53141, Iran"},{"name":"Digestive Disease Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil 56189-53141, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036288","article-title":"The decline in gastric cancer: epidemiology of an unplanned triumph","volume":"8","author":"Howson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.1965.64.1.31","article-title":"The Two Histological Main Types of Gastric Carcinoma: Diffuse and So-called Intestinal-type Carcinoma. An Attempt at a Histo-clinical Classification","volume":"64","author":"Lauren","year":"1965","journal-title":"Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.4.645","article-title":"Trends in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia in ten European countries","volume":"29","author":"Botterweck","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(19981115)83:10<2049::AID-CNCR1>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States","volume":"83","author":"Devesa","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s12029-013-9480-z","article-title":"Risk factors for rising incidence of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma","volume":"44","author":"Carr","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastrointest Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460100089030","article-title":"Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia","volume":"265","author":"Blot","year":"1991","journal-title":"Jama"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/S1055-3207(02)00002-9","article-title":"Epidemiologic trends in esophageal and gastric cancer in the United States","volume":"11","author":"Brown","year":"2002","journal-title":"Surg Oncol Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref9","first-page":"45","article-title":"Cancer Incidence in Five Continents. Comparability and quality of data","author":"Parkin","year":"1992","journal-title":"IARC Sci Publ"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.01.003","article-title":"Gastric cancer: epidemiology and risk factors","volume":"42","author":"de Martel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref11","unstructured":"S. European Organization for Cooperation in Cancer Prevention Studies, P.I. Reed and M.J. Hill, Gastric Carcinogenesis: Proceedings of the 6th Annual Symposium of the European Organization for Cooperation in Cancer Prevention Studies (ECP), London, UK, 7-8 March 1988, Excerpta Medica, 1988."},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910030614","article-title":"Histologic types of gastric carcinoma in high- and low-risk areas","volume":"3","author":"Munoz","year":"1968","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.3.347","article-title":"Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case control studies nested within prospective cohorts","volume":"49","author":"Group","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/003655299750026353","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of cardia cancer and non-cardia gastric cancer. A nested case-control study","volume":"34","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hym029","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic inflammation in gastric cancer in the cardia","volume":"37","author":"Egi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh057","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia","volume":"96","author":"Ye","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4876","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-0556","article-title":"Multiplex pylori Serology and Risk of Gastric Cardia and Noncardia Adenocarcinomas","volume":"75","author":"Shakeri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-010-9707-2","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cardia cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"22","author":"Cavaleiro-Pinto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.51.3.457","article-title":"Gastric cancer and H pylori","volume":"51","author":"Dawsey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1080\/003655200750024100","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection is a major risk factor for gastric carcinoma in young patients","volume":"35","author":"Haruma","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.1998.00408.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric neoplasia: correlations with histological gastritis and tumor histology","volume":"93","author":"Komoto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12284","article-title":"Relevance of Helicobacter pylori vacA 3\u2019-end Region Polymorphism to Gastric Cancer","volume":"21","author":"Bakhti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3493","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00887-09","article-title":"Role of deletion located between the intermediate and middle regions of the Helicobacter pylori vacA gene in cases of gastroduodenal diseases","volume":"47","author":"Ogiwara","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.06.056","article-title":"A new Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin determinant, the intermediate region, is associated with gastric cancer","volume":"133","author":"Rhead","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2014.15.4.1575","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori vacA d1 genotype predicts risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and peptic ulcers in northwestern Iran","volume":"15","author":"Basiri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-014-0327-0","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori vacA i region polymorphism but not babA2 status associated to gastric cancer risk in northwestern Iran","volume":"16","author":"Mottaghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Exp Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2013.01.006","article-title":"Jr., Helicobacter pylori in gastric carcinogenesis: mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Wroblewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Clin North Am"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1636","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2003.08.033","article-title":"Meta-analysis of the relationship between cagA seropositivity and gastric cancer","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.3.297","article-title":"Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"40","author":"Parsonnet","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref30","first-page":"2111","article-title":"Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach","volume":"55","author":"Blaser","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/87.23.1777","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and atrophic gastritis: importance of the cagA status","volume":"87","author":"Kuipers","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0b013e3283429e77","article-title":"Is cardia cancer aetiologically different from distal stomach cancer","volume":"20","author":"Peleteiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3330","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v17.i28.3330","article-title":"Interactions between CagA and smoking in gastric cancer","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref34","first-page":"588","article-title":"An inverse relation between cagA+ strains of Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of esophageal and gastric cardia adenocarcinoma","volume":"58","author":"Chow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10887","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori CagA+ strains and risk of adenocarcinoma of the stomach and esophagus","volume":"103","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.28621","article-title":"A CagA-independent cluster of antigens related to the risk of noncardia gastric cancer: associations between Helicobacter pylori antibodies and gastric adenocarcinoma explored by multiplex serology","volume":"134","author":"Song","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh039","article-title":"Is Helicobacter pylori infection a necessary condition for noncardia gastric cancer","volume":"159","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1433","article-title":"Oncogenic mechanisms of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein","volume":"4","author":"Hatakeyama","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12672","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori genetic diversity and risk of human disease","volume":"107","author":"Blaser","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13256","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin genotypes and preneoplastic lesions or gastric cancer risk: a meta-analysis","volume":"31","author":"Abdi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328364b53e","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori CagA and VacA genotypes and gastric phenotype: a meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Matos","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2017.04.007","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori genotypes determine risk of non-cardia gastric cancer and intestinal- or diffuse-type GC in Ardabil: A very high-risk area in Northwestern Iran","volume":"107","author":"Abdi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2138-8","article-title":"Role of vacuolating cytotoxin VacA and cytotoxin-associated antigen CagA of Helicobacter pylori in the progression of gastric cancer","volume":"396","author":"Ki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2009.00657.x","article-title":"Childhood hygienic practice and family education status determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in Iran","volume":"14","author":"Nouraie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.26719\/2009.15.1.129","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Nahavand: a population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Alizadeh","year":"2009","journal-title":"East Mediterr Health J"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.035857","article-title":"High incidence of adenocarcinoma arising from the right side of the gastric cardia in NW Iran","volume":"53","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-308915","article-title":"Global patterns of cardia and non-cardia gastric cancer incidence in 2012","volume":"64","author":"Colquhoun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref48","first-page":"43","article-title":"Role of Plasticity Region Genes and cagE gene of cagPAI of Helicobacter pylori in Development of Gastrointestinal (GI) Diseases","volume":"18","author":"GholizadeTobnagh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199610000-00001","article-title":"Classification and grading of gastritis. The updated Sydney System. International Workshop on the Histopathology of Gastritis, Houston 1994","volume":"20","author":"Dixon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Surg Pathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-3666-0","article-title":"Characterization of Gastric Cardia Tumors: Differences in Helicobacter pylori Strains and Genetic Polymorphisms","volume":"60","author":"da Costa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000414","article-title":"Histological variety of gastric carcinoma and Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA polymorphism","volume":"27","author":"Figura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520601173863","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and CagA seropositivity and its association with gastric and oesophageal carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Siman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1351-x","article-title":"pylori infection is a key risk factor for proximal gastric cancer","volume":"55","author":"Bornschein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6860","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i22.6860","article-title":"Carcinogenic Helicobacter pylori in gastric pre-cancer and cancer lesions: association with tobacco-chewing","volume":"20","author":"Pandey","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2015.175","article-title":"Case-control study of Epstein-Barr virus and Helicobacter pylori serology in Latin American patients with gastric disease","volume":"112","author":"Cardenas-Mondragon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.06.006","article-title":"Determinants and consequences of different levels of CagA phosphorylation for clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"127","author":"Argent","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2009.02811.x","article-title":"CagA C-terminal variations in Helicobacter pylori strains from Colombian patients with gastric precancerous lesions","volume":"16","author":"Sicinschi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2015.09.005","article-title":"Multiple repeats of Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA-C phosphorylation sites predict risk of gastric ulcer in Iran","volume":"89","author":"Honarmand-Jahromy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/CBM-170701_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.03.048","article-title":"Determination of Helicobacter pylori CagA EPIYA types in Iranian isolates with different gastroduodenal disorders","volume":"17","author":"Vaziri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"}],"container-title":["Cancer Biomarkers"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/CBM-170701","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:05:42Z","timestamp":1777385142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.medra.org\/servlet\/aliasResolver?alias=iospress&doi=10.3233\/CBM-170701"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/cbm-170701","relation":{},"ISSN":["1875-8592","1574-0153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1875-8592","type":"electronic"},{"value":"1574-0153","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,12]]}}}