{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:29:13Z","timestamp":1790998153928,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CH"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver cirrhosis is an established high-risk factor for HCC and the majority of patients diagnosed with HCC have cirrhosis. However, HCC also arises in non-cirrhotic livers in approximately 20 %of all cases. HCC in non-cirrhotic patients is often clinically silent and surveillance is usually not recommended. HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in these patients. Current information about HCC in patients with non-cirrhotic liver is limited. Here we review the current knowledge on epidemiology, clinical features and imaging features of those patiens.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/ch-211309","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]],"date-time":"2021-11-26T11:32:34Z","timestamp":1637926354000},"page":"423-436","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Ping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ultrasound, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Jae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Center for Imaging Science, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology and Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Franca","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Department of Interventional Ultrasound Casa di Cura Igea, Milano, Italy Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk-Andre","family":"Clevert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound-Center, University of Munich-Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Chammas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Radiology, Hospital das Cl\u00ednicas, School of Medicine, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tannapfel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Pathologie, Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t, Bochum, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonella","family":"Forgione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabio","family":"Piscaglia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph Frank","family":"Dietrich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Allgemeine Innere Medizin (DAIM), Kliniken Beau Site, Salem und Permanence, Hirslanden, Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_1456_17","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hepatocellular carcinoma: An increasing concern","volume":"149","author":"Dhamija","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.05.057","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis Is the Fastest Growing Cause of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Liver Transplant Candidates","volume":"17","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S35","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.014","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: Incidence and risk factors","volume":"127","author":"Fattovich","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29086","article-title":"AASLD guidelines for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"67","author":"Heimbach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2017.08.030","article-title":"Primary malignant tumours in the non-cirrhotic liver","volume":"95","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28368","article-title":"Clinical patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A multicenter prospective study","volume":"63","author":"Piscaglia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology."},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v11.i1.1","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic liver: A comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Desai","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.9033","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma occurring in nonfibrotic liver: Epidemiologic and histopathologic analysis of 80 French cases","volume":"32","author":"Bralet","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000015","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in noncirrhotic patients with chronic hepatitis B and patients with cirrhosis of all etiologies","volume":"48","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12915","article-title":"Risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma development in non-cirrhotic patients with sustained virologic response for chronic hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"30","author":"Toyoda","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref13","unstructured":"Bertolini E , Bassi F , Fornaciari G . Deveopment of hepatocellular carcinoma in a non-cirrhotic, long-term responder to antiviral therapy, chronic hepatitis C patient: What kind of surveillance? Ann Gastroenterol 2013;26:80\u20133."},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.5114\/ceh.2020.102153","article-title":"Epidemiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma progression","volume":"6","author":"Thandra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Exp Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23594","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma: A weighty connection","volume":"51","author":"Starley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061","article-title":"Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"El-Serag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713263","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"380","author":"Villanueva","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.09.013","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"66","author":"Chayanupatkul","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.02.002","article-title":"Accuracy of risk scores for patients with chronic hepatitis B receiving entecavir treatment","volume":"144","author":"Wong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.07.019","article-title":"Hepatocellular Carcinoma in the Absence of Cirrhosis in United States Veterans is Associated With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"14","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(98)80122-0","article-title":"Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in Italy","volume":"29","author":"Stroffolini","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2005.02.005","article-title":"The role of hepatitis B virus integrations in the pathogenesis of human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"42","author":"Bonilla Guerrero","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.14087","article-title":"Characteristics and outcome of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with NAFLD without cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Bengtsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2013.08.011","article-title":"Hepatocellular cancer: The impact of obesity, type 2 diabetes and a multidisciplinary team","volume":"60","author":"Dyson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2016(05)07","article-title":"Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: Brazilian survey","volume":"71","author":"Cotrim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinics (Sao Paulo)"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-117","article-title":"Characterization and prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the non-cirrhotic liver","volume":"14","author":"Sch\u00fctte","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-015-9679-0","article-title":"Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients without cirrhosis","volume":"10","author":"Mohamad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.12116","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis in non-cirrhotic liver: A clinical and pathological study","volume":"28","author":"Alexander","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23527","article-title":"The incidence and risk factors of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"51","author":"Ascha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gawrieh S , Dakhoul L . Characteristics, aetiologies and trends of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients without cirrhosis: A United States multicentre study 2019;50:809\u201321.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15464"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.11.015","article-title":"Risk of HCC: Genetic heterogeneity and complex genetics","volume":"52","author":"Dragani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iv238","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdy308","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"29","author":"Vogel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Oncol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.03.019","article-title":"Electronic address eee, European Association for the Study of the L. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"69","author":"European Association for the Study of the Liver","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultrasmedbio.2020.04.030","article-title":"Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver-Update WFUMB in Cooperation with EFSUMB, AFSUMB, AIUM, and FLAUS","volume":"46","author":"Dietrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultrasound Med Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1177-0530","article-title":"Guidelines and Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Contrast Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS) in the Liver - Update 2020 - WFUMB in Cooperation with EFSUMB, AFSUMB, AIUM, and FLAUS","volume":"41","author":"Dietrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22734","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with metabolic syndrome often develop without significant liver fibrosis: A pathological analysis","volume":"49","author":"Paradis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i4.1189","article-title":"Characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"21","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1159\/000348669","article-title":"Increased alpha-fetoprotein serum level is predictive for survival and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic livers","volume":"29","author":"Witjes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-014-3173-2","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-cirrhotic liver: Clinical, radiological and pathological findings","volume":"24","author":"Di Martino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000507923","article-title":"Current Opinion about Hepatocellular Carcinoma<10mm","volume":"102","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W411","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.14.14000","article-title":"CT of Atypical and Uncommon Presentations of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"205","author":"Shriki","year":"2015","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W7","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.06.1060","article-title":"Enhancement patterns of focal liver masses: Discordance between contrast-enhanced sonography and contrast-enhanced CT and MRI","volume":"189","author":"Wilson","year":"2007","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W34","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.13.11511","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in the noncirrhotic liver","volume":"203","author":"Gaddikeri","year":"2014","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2015.06.029","article-title":"MR imaging features for improved diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in the non-cirrhotic liver: Multi-center evaluation","volume":"84","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-211164","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of intravascular perfusion based contrast-enhanced ultrasound LI-RADS in the evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"78","author":"Zuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-21-1035","article-title":"CT\/MRI LI-RADS version 2018 versus CEUS LI-RADS version 2017 in the diagnosis of primary hepatic nodules in patients with high-risk hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-201085","article-title":"Potential application of dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound in predicting microvascular invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"77","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/hepr.12580","article-title":"Usefulness of early vascular phase images from contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using Sonazoid for the diagnosis of hypovascular hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"46","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-011-0512-9","article-title":"Value of post-vascular phase (Kupffer imaging) by contrast-enhanced ultrasonography using Sonazoid in the detection of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"47","author":"Goto","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref53","first-page":"547","article-title":"Contrast-enhanced ultrasound in fibro-lamellar hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report","volume":"28","author":"Mandry","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ultraschall Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.10.4310","article-title":"Correlation between contrast-enhanced intraoperative ultrasound using Sonazoid and histologic grade of resected hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"196","author":"Arita","year":"2011","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-209213","article-title":"The diagnostic performance of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for evaluating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) juxtaposed to MRI findings; a retrospective single-center analysis of 292 patients","volume":"76","author":"Schwarze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.3233\/CH-199221","article-title":"Quantitative perfusion analysis of hepatocellular carcinoma using dynamic contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) to determine tumor microvascularization","volume":"73","author":"Schaible","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Hemorheol Microcirc"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2010.12.071","article-title":"Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse (ARFI) ultrasound imaging of solid focal liver lesions","volume":"81","author":"Gallotti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-015-0543-9","article-title":"Differentiation of benign and malignant focal liver lesions: Value of virtual touch tissue quantification of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography","volume":"32","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med Oncol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.11152\/mu-1142","article-title":"Point shear wave speed measurement in differentiating benign and malignant focal liver lesions","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med Ultrason"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2378","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-020-02561-z","article-title":"Hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhotic versus cirrhotic liver: A clinico-radiological comparative analysis","volume":"45","author":"Jamwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017170554","article-title":"Evidence Supporting LI-RADS Major Features for CT- and MR Imaging-based Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"286","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.26032","article-title":"Utility of volumetric contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted MRI in differentiating between common primary hypervascular liver tumors","volume":"48","author":"Zarghampour","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Magn Reson Imaging"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2174\/157340512800672216","article-title":"MRI of Focal Liver Lesions","volume":"8","author":"Albiin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Med Imaging Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2342-13-41","article-title":"Added value of Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced Hepatobiliary phase MR imaging in evaluation of focal solid hepatic lesions","volume":"13","author":"Haimerl","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med Imaging"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4682","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i32.4682","article-title":"Positron-emission tomography for hepatocellular carcinoma: Current status and future prospects","volume":"25","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejrad.2018.01.025","article-title":"Diagnosis and staging of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): Current guidelines","volume":"101","author":"Ayuso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Radiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/CH-211309_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1007\/s00259-020-05119-9","article-title":"Radiomics analysis of [(18)F]FDG PET\/CT for microvascular invasion and prognosis prediction in very-early- and early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging"}],"container-title":["Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/CH-211309","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T15:05:50Z","timestamp":1777388750000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/CH-211309"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/ch-211309","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-0291","1875-8622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-0291","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]}}}