{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T14:25:17Z","timestamp":1789568717463,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Severe air pollution exposures produce systemic, respiratory, myocardial, and brain\n          inflammation and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) hallmarks in clinically healthy children. We\n          tested whether hippocampal metabolite ratios are associated with contrasting levels of air\n          pollution, APOE, and body mass index (BMI) in paired healthy children and one parent\n          sharing the same APOE alleles. We used\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    H-MRS to interrogate bilateral\n          hippocampal single-voxel in 57 children (12.45 \u00b1 3.4 years) and their 48 parents (37.5 \u00b1\n          6.78 years) from a low pollution city versus Mexico City (MC). NAA\/Cr, Cho\/Cr, and mI\/Cr\n          metabolite ratios were analyzed. The right hippocampus NAA\/Cr ratio was significantly\n          different between cohorts (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u200a=\u200a0.007). The NAA\/Cr ratio in right\n          hippocampus in controls versus APOE\n                    <jats:italic>\u025b<\/jats:italic>\n                    4 MC children and in left\n          hippocampus in MC APOE\n                    <jats:italic>\u025b<\/jats:italic>\n                    4 parents versus their children was significantly\n          different after adjusting for age, gender, and BMI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u200a=\u200a0.027 and 0.01,\n          respectively). The NAA\/Cr ratio is considered reflective of neuronal density\/functional\n          integrity\/loss of synapses\/higher pTau burden, thus a significant decrease in hippocampal\n          NAA\/Cr ratios may constitute a spectral marker of early neurodegeneration in young\n          urbanites. Decreases in NAA\/Cr correlate well with cognitive function, behavioral\n          symptoms, and dementia severity; thus, since the progression of AD starts decades before\n          clinical diagnosis, our findings support the hypothesis that under chronic exposures to\n          fine particulate matter and ozone above the standards, neurodegenerative processes start\n          in childhood and APOE\n                    <jats:italic>\u025b<\/jats:italic>\n                    4 carriers are at higher risk. Gene and\n          environmental factors are critical in the development of AD and the identification and\n          neuroprotection of young urbanites at high risk must become a public health priority.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-150415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T16:55:13Z","timestamp":1445964913000},"page":"1065-1075","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["A Critical Proton MR Spectroscopy Marker of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Early          Neurodegenerative Change: Low Hippocampal NAA\/Cr Ratio Impacts APOE\n                    <i>\u025b<\/i>\n                    4          Mexico City Children and Their Parents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Lilian","family":"Calder\u00f3n-Garcidue\u00f1as","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The\r          University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA"},{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de\r          M\u00e9xico, Campus Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonieta","family":"Mora-Tiscare\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Nacional de Pediatr\u00eda, Mexico City, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gast\u00f3n","family":"Melo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Valle de\r          M\u00e9xico, Campus Saltillo, Saltillo, Coahuila, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro M\u00e9dico Cozumel, Cozumel, Quintana Roo, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Torres-Jard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias de la Atm\u00f3sfera, Universidad Nacional\r          Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Mexico City, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Styner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Computer Science, University of\r          North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Partha S.","family":"Mukherjee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mathematics Department, Boise State University, Boise, ID,\r          USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroradiology, University of North Carolina School of\r          Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 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