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Diagnosis is made through neuropathological examination. Many of the clinical features of CTE are common in the general population, with and without a history of head impact exposure, making clinical diagnosis difficult. As is now common in the diagnosis of other neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, there is a need for methods to diagnose CTE during life through objective biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to examine tau-positive exosomes in plasma as a potential CTE biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subjects were 78 former National Football League (NFL) players and 16 controls. Extracellular vesicles were isolated from plasma. Fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis was used to determine the number of vesicles staining positive for tau.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The NFL group had higher exosomal tau than the control group (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a&lt; \u200a0.0001). Exosomal tau discriminated between the groups, with 82% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value, and 53% negative predictive value. Within the NFL group, higher exosomal tau was associated with worse performance on tests of memory (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.0126) and psychomotor speed (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u200a=\u200a0.0093).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These preliminary findings suggest that exosomal tau in plasma may be an accurate, noninvasive CTE biomarker.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-151028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,4,12]],"date-time":"2016-04-12T12:09:17Z","timestamp":1460462957000},"page":"1099-1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":145,"title":["Preliminary Study of Plasma Exosomal Tau as a Potential Biomarker for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Baugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan G.","family":"Fritts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brett M.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Chaisson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Data Coordinating Center, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert C.","family":"Cantu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and CTE Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Emerson Hospital, Concord, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James A.","family":"Joyce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aethlon Medical, San Diego, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahil","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Exosome Sciences, San Diego, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsuneya","family":"Ikezu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; 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