{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:11:23Z","timestamp":1790809883940,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]],"date-time":"2016-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1466985600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is an infectious disease caused by spirochetes, and these spirochetes form biofilms, which attract the innate immune system. The innate immune system first responder, Toll-like receptor 2, generates both NF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B and TNF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    which try to kill the spirochetes in the biofilm, but cannot penetrate the \u201cslime\u201d. NF-\n                    <jats:italic>\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    B is also responsible for the generation of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) which itself is anti-microbial. A\u03b2 cannot penetrate the biofilm either, and its accumulation leads to destruction of the cerebral neurocircuitry. Treatment with penicillin (as in tertiary syphilis, the comparator to AD) is outlined; a biofilm dispersing agent may need to be added to the protocol.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-160388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T12:13:23Z","timestamp":1470744803000},"page":"1271-1276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Assessing the Role of Spirochetes, Biofilms, the Immune System, and Amyloid-\u03b2 with Regard to Potential Treatment and Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Herbert B.","family":"Allen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-8-90"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2006.04.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2314-7326.1000200"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2469-9756.1000112"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Mortality from Alzheimer\u2019s disease in the United States: Data for 2000 and 2010. 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