{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T20:45:11Z","timestamp":1790714711827,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]],"date-time":"2016-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1465776000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    It has long been known that spirochetes form clumps or micro colonies\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Cortical spirochetal colonies in syphilitic dementia were considered as reproductive centers for spirochetes. Historic and recent data demonstrate that senile plaques in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) are made up by spirochetes. Spirochetes, are able to form biofilm\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Senile plaques are also reported to contain elements of biofilm constituents. We expected that A\u03b2PP and A\u03b2 (the main components of senile plaques) also occur in pure spirochetal biofilms, and bacterial DNA (an important component of biofilm) is also present in senile plaques. Histochemical, immunohistochemical, and\n                    <jats:italic>in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                    hybridization techniques and the TUNEL assay were used to answer these questions. The results obtained demonstrate that A\u03b2 and DNA, including spirochete-specific DNA, are key components of both pure spirochetal biofilms and senile plaques in AD and confirm the biofilm nature of senile plaques. These results validate validate previous observations that A\u03b2PP and\/or an A\u03b2PP-like amyloidogenic protein are an integral part of spirochetes, and indicate that bacterial and host derived A\u03b2 are both constituents of senile plaques. DNA fragmentation in senile plaques further confirms their bacterial nature and provides biochemical evidence for spirochetal cell death. Spirochetes evade host defenses, locate intracellularly, form more resistant atypical forms and notably biofilms, which contribute to sustain chronic infection and inflammation and explain the slowly progressive course of dementia in AD. To consider co-infecting microorganisms is equally important, as multi-species biofilms result in a higher resistance to treatments and a more severe dementia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-160451","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,9]],"date-time":"2016-08-09T12:13:30Z","timestamp":1470744810000},"page":"1459-1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":125,"title":["Bacterial Amyloid and DNA are Important Constituents of Senile Plaques: Further Evidence of the Spirochetal and Biofilm Nature of Senile Plaques"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Judith","family":"Miklossy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Alzheimer Research Centre, Prevention Alzheimer International Foundation, Martigny-Croix, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199307000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-2004-6608"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","first-page":"825","volume-title":"Handbook of Clinical Neurology","author":"Miklossy J","year":"2008","unstructured":"MiklossyJ (2008) Biology and neuropathology of dementia in syphilis and Lyme disease. 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