{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:02:39Z","timestamp":1787868159729,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]],"date-time":"2018-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1524528000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive reserve is the acquired capacity reflecting a functional brain adaptability\/flexibility in the context of aging. Educational attainment is thought to be among the most important factors that contribute to cognitive reserve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to investigate the relationships among duration of education and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) related neuroimaging biomarkers such as amyloid-\u03b2 deposition, glucose metabolism, and brain volumes in each stage of AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We reanalyzed a part of the datasets of the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative. Participants were between 55 and 90 years of age and diagnosed as one of the following: healthy controls (HC), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or AD. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among duration of education and amyloid-\u03b2 deposition ( n\u200a=\u200a825), brain metabolism ( n\u200a=\u200a1,304), and brain volumes ( n\u200a=\u200a1,606) among three groups using data for\n                      <jats:sup>18<\/jats:sup>\n                      F-Florbetapir (AV-45) imaging, fludeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Duration of education had no correlations with amyloid-\u03b2 deposition or brain metabolism in any groups. However, duration of education was positively associated with the total brain volume only in participants with MCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that education may exert a protective effect on total brain volume in the MCI stage but not in HC or AD. Thus, education may play an important role in preventing the onset of dementia through brain reserve in MCI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-171168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,17]],"date-time":"2018-04-17T11:55:29Z","timestamp":1523966129000},"page":"861-869","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Effect of Education on Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Related Neuroimaging Biomarkers in Healthy Controls, and Participants with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"given":"Masataka","family":"Wada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Noda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shunichiro","family":"Shinagawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun Ku","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multimodal Imaging Group, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyosuke","family":"Sawada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 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