{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T01:36:48Z","timestamp":1789609008722,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"s1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1540425600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The role of chronic kidney disease (CKD) as a risk factor for cognitive impairment independent of their shared antecedents remains controversial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      To determine whether kidney damage (indicated by albuminuria) or kidney dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]\u200a&lt;60\u200aml\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) predict future (12-year) cognitive function independently of their shared risk factors.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied 4,128 individuals from the 1999\/00 population-based Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle (AusDiab) Study who returned in 2011\/12 for follow-up cognitive function testing. Albuminuria was defined by urinary albumin:creatinine\u22653.5 (women) or\u22652.5\u200amg\/mmol (men). Kidney dysfunction was indicated by eGFR\u200a&lt;60\u200aml\/min\/1.73 m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Cognitive function domains assessed included memory (California Verbal Learning Test [CVLT]) and processing speed (Symbol Digit Modalities Test [SDMT]).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Baseline albuminuria and kidney dysfunction were identified in 142 (3.4%) and 39 (0.9%) individuals, respectively, with minimal overlap ( n\u200a=\u200a7). Those with albuminuria demonstrated concurrently reduced 12-year SDMT ( p\u200a=\u200a0.084) and CVLT scores ( p\u200a=\u200a0.005) following adjustment for age, sex, and education. However, only CVLT performance remained worse ( p\u200a=\u200a0.027) following additional adjustment for myocardial infarction, stroke, and related risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking, BMI, physical activity, and alcohol intake). Indeed, these collective covariates were responsible for 47% of the effect of albuminuria on SDMT, but only 21% of its effect on CVLT. Kidney dysfunction was not associated with either SDMT or CVLT performance ( p\u200a&gt;\u200a0.10).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Albuminuria predicted worse memory function at 12 years follow-up, whereas its effect on processing speed was driven largely by differences in cardiovascular risk. Kidney dysfunction based on eGFR predicted neither cognitive domain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-180498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,26]],"date-time":"2018-10-26T12:29:02Z","timestamp":1540556942000},"page":"S19-S30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Associations of Chronic Kidney Disease Markers with Cognitive Function: A 12-Year Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Julian W.","family":"Sacre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dianna J.","family":"Magliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul Z.","family":"Zimmet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diabetes, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevan R.","family":"Polkinghorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Monash Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Chadban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Renal Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaarin J.","family":"Anstey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan E.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.22362"},{"key":"ref002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000338135"},{"key":"ref003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2010.07.003"},{"key":"ref004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334872"},{"key":"ref005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(97)90563-1"},{"key":"ref006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.05.027"},{"key":"ref007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00025-6"},{"key":"ref008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006"},{"key":"ref009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1114248"},{"key":"ref010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-015-0131-4"},{"key":"ref011","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test","author":"Delis DC","year":"1987"},{"key":"ref012","volume-title":"Symbol Digit Modalities Test(SDMT) manual","author":"Smith A","year":"1982"},{"key":"ref013","volume-title":"The Spot-the-Word test","author":"Baddeley A","year":"1992"},{"key":"ref014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"ref015","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2006) Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia. 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