{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:10:52Z","timestamp":1790403052412,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,11]],"date-time":"2018-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1536624000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recent studies suggest a link between periodontitis and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Verification of the presence of periodontal pathogens and the intrathecal generation of pathogen-specific antibodies in 20 patients with AD and 20 with other forms of dementia (DEM-noAD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Clinical periodontal indices were recorded. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was analyzed for total tau protein (T-tau) and amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1-42<\/jats:sub>\n                      ). In serum and CSF, antibody levels against\n                      <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were quantified. The presence of selected bacteria and inflammatory biomarkers were determined in periodontium, serum, and CSF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In line with diagnoses, CSF-levels of A\u03b2\n                      <jats:sub>1-42<\/jats:sub>\n                      were significantly lower in AD than DEM-noAD patients. Periodontal destruction and inflammation were omnipresent with no difference between groups.\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>T. forsythia,<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Treponema<\/jats:italic>\n                      species were detected in more than 50% of subgingival biofilm samples, but neither in serum nor in the CSF. Elevated levels of anti-pathogen antibodies in CSF of 16 patients (7 AD; 9 DEM-noAD) compared to serum highlight a possibility of the intrathecal immune response to pathogens. There was no significant difference in antibodies levels against selected bacteria in CSF and serum between groups. Multivariate regression analysis and general linear models revealed an association of the T-tau level in AD group with both serum levels of anti-\n                      <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                      antibodies and MCP-1\/CCL-2.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec specific-use=\"heading-level-1\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Periodontal pathogens may enter the brain and stimulate a local immune response. However, in patients with dementia at the age up to 70 years, periodontal pathogens do not act as a trigger for developing AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-180620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,14]],"date-time":"2018-09-14T12:31:36Z","timestamp":1536928296000},"page":"105-114","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Periodontal Pathogens and Associated Intrathecal Antibodies in Early Stages of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"given":"Oliver","family":"Laugisch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The 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