{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T17:04:17Z","timestamp":1777395857373,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]],"date-time":"2019-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1570060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n \n The\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n allele is a well-known risk factor for Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). Previous research argues that higher education helps to preserve cognition in older adults with AD pathology because of its key role in cognitive reserve and resilience.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n \n To test if higher educational level buffers the effect of\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n on cognition among older non-Hispanic Blacks.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Participants were 849 non-demented older non-Hispanic Blacks (38.3%\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n +), who underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation. Multiple linear regression models tested the relationship between\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n status and twelve cognitive measures with education (up to high school and beyond high school) as a moderator.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Education buffered the effects of the\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n allele, such that there was no impact of\n APOE<\/jats:italic>\n \u025b<\/jats:italic>\n 4<\/jats:italic>\n status on word-list memory retention and working memory among participants with more than a high school degree. This pattern was not observed for ten other cognitive measures of verbal and visual episodic memory, semantic memory, executive function, and processing speed\u2014although a similar trend was observed for switching ability in executive functioning. The buffering effect of education was stronger among women than men.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Our findings suggest that genetic effects on late-life cognition may be modified by environmental factors such as educational attainment. These results are consistent with the framework of cognitive reserve such that engaging in cognitively enriching activities and acquiring skills and knowledge with more years of education may increase the capacity to maintain cognitive function despite high genetic risk for impairment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-190415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,5]],"date-time":"2019-10-05T03:49:19Z","timestamp":1570247359000},"page":"495-506","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Education Moderates the Relation Between\n \n APOE\n \u025b<\/i>\n 4\n <\/i>\n and Memory in Nondemented Non-Hispanic Black Older Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Jet M.J.","family":"Vonk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University","place":["USA"]},{"name":"University Medical Center Utrecht","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Arce Renter\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valerie M.","family":"Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margaret A.","family":"Pericak-Vance","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Miami","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Goldie S.","family":"Byrd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonathan","family":"Haines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adam M.","family":"Brickman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer J.","family":"Manly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Columbia University","place":["USA"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2012.263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410400111"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000032"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.279.10.751"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2006.00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"91","article-title":"Cross-cultural comparison of neuropsychological test performance and diagnosis of dementia","volume":"50","author":"Manly JJ","year":"1998","unstructured":"ManlyJJ, JacobsDM, SanoM, BellK, MerchantCA, SmallSA, SternY (1998) Cross-cultural comparison of neuropsychological test performance and diagnosis of dementia. Neurology 50, 91.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.072306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"574","article-title":"Relative risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and age-at-onset distributions, based on APOE genotypes among elderly African-Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics in New York City","volume":"58","author":"Tang MX","year":"1996","unstructured":"TangMX, MaestreG, TsaiWY, LiuXH, FengL, ChungWY, ChunM, SchofieldP, SternY, TyckoB, MayeuxR (1996) Relative risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and age-at-onset distributions, based on APOE genotypes among elderly African-Americans, Caucasians, and Hispanics in New York City. Am J Hum Genet 58, 574\u2013584.","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.38"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03550160069041"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.72.6.794"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.29.2.388"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000129533.26544.BF"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1532-5415.2001.49230.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000508"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000022153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.963"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.2.165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410320311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813157"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbu153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610730701776427"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.3978"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination","volume":"48","author":"Teng EL","year":"1987","unstructured":"TengEL, ChuiHC (1987) The Modified Mini-Mental State (3MS) examination. J Clin Psychiatry 48, 314\u2013318.","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617714000423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau (2003) 2000 Census of Population and Housing. In Population and Housing Unit Counts PHC-3-50 West Virginia Washington D.C."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","volume-title":"Wide Range Achievement Test 3 \u2013 Administration Manual","author":"Wilkinson GS","year":"1993","unstructured":"WilkinsonGS (1993) Wide Range Achievement Test 3 \u2013 Administration Manual, Jastak Associates, Inc, Wilmington, DE."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","first-page":"A433","article-title":"Quality of education and neuropsychological test performance among nondemented community-dwelling elders","volume":"52","author":"Manly J","year":"1999","unstructured":"ManlyJ, JacobsDM, SanoM, SmallSA, MerchantC, TouradjiP, SternY (1999) Quality of education and neuropsychological test performance among nondemented community-dwelling elders. Neurology 52, A433.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)43176-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712000227"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"California Verbal Learning Test: Research edition","author":"Delis DC","year":"1987","unstructured":"DelisDC, KramerJH, KaplanE, OberBA (1987) California Verbal Learning Test: Research edition, Psychological Corporation, San Antonio."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1945.9917223"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"206","article-title":"Le test de copie d\u2019une figure complexe; contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la perception et de la m\u00e9moire","volume":"30","author":"Osterrieth PA","year":"1944","unstructured":"OsterriethPA (1944) Le test de copie d\u2019une figure complexe; contribution \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tude de la perception et de la m\u00e9moire. Arch Psychol 30, 206\u2013356.","journal-title":"Arch Psychol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","volume-title":"Boston Naming Test","author":"Kaplan E","year":"1983","unstructured":"KaplanE, GoodglassH, WeintraubS (1983) Boston Naming Test, Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"Manual for Administration of Neuropsychological Test Batteries for Adults and Children","author":"Reitan R","year":"1978","unstructured":"ReitanR (1978) Manual for Administration of Neuropsychological Test Batteries for Adults and Children, Reitan Neuropsychology Laboratories, Inc, Tuscon, AZ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","volume-title":"Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised","author":"Wechsler D","year":"1981","unstructured":"WechslerD (1981) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, The Psychological Corporation, New York, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(82)90033-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639502100607"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.2.376"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2017","unstructured":"IBM Corp (2017) IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 25, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.64.9.1306"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/138255890969483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181a92c36"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813248"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2017.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/60.2.P74"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(94)00127-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb01405.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.19.4.520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610204000092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.2188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13825580600678418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.14.4.330"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2014.01.145"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2017.08.3201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007791"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19485565.2015.1108836"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/63.5.P301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","unstructured":"Population Reference Bureau Table 1. Sex Ratio at Older Ages (65+) by Race\/Ethnicity 2000 and 2014 (Source: U.S. Census Bureau) https:\/\/www.prb.org\/us-oldage-gendergap-smoking\/ Accessed March 24 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.06.4944"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbr016"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","first-page":"968","article-title":"Racial differences in cognitive decline in a sample of community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of education and literacy","volume":"13","author":"Sachs-Ericsson N","year":"2005","unstructured":"Sachs-EricssonN, BlazerDG (2005) Racial differences in cognitive decline in a sample of community-dwelling older adults: The mediating role of education and literacy. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 13, 968\u2013975.","journal-title":"Am J Geriatr Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JAD-190415","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.3233\/JAD-190415","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.3233\/JAD-190415","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:06:56Z","timestamp":1777370816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.3233\/JAD-190415"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Maheen","family":"Adamson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.3233\/JAD-190415"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-190415","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,3]]}}}