{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T20:38:13Z","timestamp":1791837493947,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,2]],"date-time":"2020-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583107200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies have revealed the possible role of choroid plexus (ChP) in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). T1-weighted MRI is the modality of choice for the segmentation of ChP in humans. Manual segmentation is considered the gold-standard technique, but given its time-consuming nature, large-scale neuroimaging studies of ChP would be impossible. In this study, we introduce a lightweight segmentation algorithm based on the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM). We compared its performance against manual segmentation as well as automated segmentation by Freesurfer in three separate datasets: 1) patients with structural MRIs enhanced with contrast ( n\u200a=\u200a19), 2) young healthy subjects ( n\u200a=\u200a20), and 3) patients with AD ( n\u200a=\u200a20). GMM outperformed Freesurfer and showed high similarity with manual segmentation. To further assess the algorithm\u2019s performance in large scale studies, we performed GMM segmentations in young healthy subjects from the Human Connectome Project ( n\u200a=\u200a1,067), as well as healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD patients from the Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative ( n\u200a=\u200a509). In both datasets, GMM segmented ChP more accurately than Freesurfer. To show the clinical importance of accurate ChP segmentation, total AV1451 (tau) PET binding to ChP was measured in 108 MCI and 32 AD patients. GMM was able to reveal the higher AV1451 binding to ChP in AD compared with MCI. Our results provide evidence for the utility of the GMM in accurately segmenting ChP and show its clinical relevance in AD. Future structural and functional studies of ChP will benefit from GMM\u2019s accurate segmentation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-190706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T09:56:18Z","timestamp":1583229378000},"page":"1057-1068","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":96,"title":["Improving Choroid Plexus Segmentation in the Healthy and Diseased Brain: Relevance for Tau-PET Imaging in Dementia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Ehsan","family":"Tadayon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Moret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"},{"name":"Human Inspired Technology Research Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Sprugnoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Radiology Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Monti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Santa Maria Alle Scotte Medical Center, Siena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alvaro","family":"Pascual-Leone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research and Center for Memory Health, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Guttmann Brain Health Institute, Guttmann Institut, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Santarnecchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation 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