{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T22:50:13Z","timestamp":1790635813435,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"DOI":"10.3233\/jad-191083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T11:22:44Z","timestamp":1582629764000},"page":"913-924","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Procedural Learning Improves Cognition in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Eva M.","family":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychobiology, University of Salamanca, Neuroscience Institute of Castilla-Le\u00f3n, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorge Chamorro","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra R. Melero","family":"Ventola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Pontifical University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre","family":"Ingrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Philippe","family":"Neau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University Hospital, CHU La Mil\u00e9trie, Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emeriti Professor of Neurology, University Hospital, Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30481-1","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"391","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01216.x","article-title":"The histopathology of grey matter demyelination in multiple sclerosis","volume":"189","author":"B\u00f8","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-013-1080-3","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis is primarily a neurodegenerative disease","volume":"120","author":"Chaudhuri","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neural Transm"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s53","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmedicine.16-6-s53","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, a treatable disease","volume":"16","author":"Doshi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Med (Lond)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510362819","article-title":"Early cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis predicts disability outcome several years later","volume":"16","author":"Deloire","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70259-X","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"7","author":"Chiaravalloti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000097","article-title":"Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis: A review of neuropsychological assessments","volume":"29","author":"Korakas","year":"2016","journal-title":". Cogn Behav Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e328346a43b","article-title":"Cognition in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Langdon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref9","first-page":"75","article-title":"Cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"22","author":"Koutsouraki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hell J Nucl Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2004.06.005","article-title":"Memory systems of the brain: A brief history and currenterspective","volume":"82","author":"Squire","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurobiol Learn Mem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2013.06.019","article-title":"The neural basis of implicit learning and memory: A review of neuropsychological and neuroimaging research","volume":"51","author":"Reber","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23259","article-title":"A comparison of the neural correlates that underlie rule-based and information-integration category learning","volume":"37","author":"Carpenter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1080\/00222895.2017.1341376","article-title":"Intact procedural knowledge in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Evidence from golf putting","volume":"50","author":"Chauvel","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mot Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref14","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improvement of semantic categorization through procedural learning in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2009.11.006","article-title":"Impaired acquisition of a mirror-reading skill in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"47","author":"Merbah","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.17.2.202","article-title":"Facilitating acquisition of a continuous motor task in healthy older adults and patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Dick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-2011-1858","article-title":"Dissociating sequence learning performance in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Visuomotor sequence acquisition and pattern judgment on a serial reaction time task","volume":"71","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.051","article-title":"The striatum and probabilistic implicit sequence learning","volume":"1137","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.118.2.438","article-title":"An implicit learning task activates medial temporal lobe in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Moody","year":"2004","journal-title":"Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref20","first-page":"31312","article-title":"Motor learning in people with multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Tablerion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458510381257","article-title":"Preservation of motor skill learning in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Tomassini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref22","first-page":"402","article-title":"Memory and executive functions in multiple sclerosis: Preliminary finding with a cognitive battery","volume":"157","author":"Mari\u00e9","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev Neurol (Paris)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.08.031","article-title":"Selective impairments of motor sequence learning in multiple sclerosis patients with minimal disability","volume":"2","author":"Tacchino","year":"2014","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142271","article-title":"Procedural learning of semantic categorization in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"45","author":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1080\/17483100701602110","article-title":"Procedural learning of semantic categorization: A study of 110 non-disabled individuals","volume":"2","author":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1032","article-title":"Recommended diagnostic criteria for multiple sclerosis: Guidelines from the international panel on the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"McDonald","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.33.11.1444","article-title":"Rating neurologic impairment in multiple sclerosis: An expanded disability status scale (EDSS)","volume":"33","author":"Kurtzke","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(75)90026-6","article-title":"\u201cMini-Mental State\u201d: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician","volume":"12","author":"Folstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref29","first-page":"2127","article-title":"Une m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9valuation rapide des fonctions cognitives (ERFC). Son application \u00e0 la d\u00e9mence s\u00e9nile de type Alzheimer","volume":"62","author":"Gil","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sem Hop Paris"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref30","first-page":"165","article-title":"Self-rating of mood using a list of adjectives, Zerssen\u2019s befindlichkeits Skala","volume":"1","author":"Heimann","year":"1975","journal-title":"Encephale"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-9452(58)80003-9","article-title":"Problems in the assessment of hand preference","volume":"21","author":"Salmaso","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271","article-title":"Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage","volume":"8","author":"Reitan","year":"1958","journal-title":"Percept Mot Skills"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/87565648709540361","article-title":"Genuine memory deficits in dementia","volume":"3","author":"Grober","year":"1987","journal-title":"Dev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref36","first-page":"88","article-title":"Tests of Luria\u2019s frontal lobe syndromes","volume":"7","author":"Malloy","year":"1985","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref37","volume-title":"Stroop color and word test. A manual for clinical and experimental uses","author":"Golden","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref38","volume-title":"Dementia Rating Scale (Professional Manual).","author":"Mattis","year":"1973"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref39","volume-title":"D\u00e9emences et syndromes d\u00e9mentiels. Approche neuropsychologique","author":"Habib","year":"1991"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref40","volume-title":"Test de d\u00e9nomination orale de 80 images du r\u00e9seau de recherche Clinique","author":"Deloche","year":"1986"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.5.784","article-title":"Implicit learning in patients with probable Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"37","author":"Knopman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref42","first-page":"309","article-title":"Apprentissage proc\u00e9dural de la cat\u00e9gorisation s\u00e9mantique: \u00c9tude d\u2019une population d\u2019aphasiques","volume":"3","author":"Arroyo-Anll\u00f3","year":"1996","journal-title":"Rev Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3406\/psy.1990.29428","article-title":"Une base de donn\u00e9es lexicales informatis\u00e9e pour le fran\u00e7ais \u00e9crit et parl\u00e9 (BRULEX)","volume":"90","author":"Content","year":"1990","journal-title":"Annee Psychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1076\/jcen.20.1.30.1490","article-title":"Declarative and procedural learning, quantitative measures of hippocampus, and subcortical white alterations in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and ischemic vascular dementia","volume":"20","author":"Libon","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.09.062","article-title":"Neural substrates of visuomotor learning based on improved feedback control and prediction","volume":"39","author":"Grafton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2412","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20679","article-title":"Abnormal connectivity of the sensorimotor network in patients with MS: A multicenter fMRI study","volume":"30","author":"Rocca","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Brain Mapp"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2007.02027.x","article-title":"Relating functional changes during hand movement to clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis in a multi-centre fMRI study","volume":"15","author":"Wegner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.5.1020","article-title":"The role of the striatum and hippocampus in planning: A PET activation study in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"124","author":"Dagher","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1006\/brcg.2000.1237","article-title":"Distinct contribution of the striatum and cerebellum to motor learning","volume":"45","author":"Laforce","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Cogn"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1162\/089892903322598175","article-title":"Spatial and temporal sequence learning in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease or cerebellar lesions","volume":"15","author":"Shin","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Cogn Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.105.3.558","article-title":"A neuropsychological theory of motor skill learning","volume":"105","author":"Willingham","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3346","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.052703399","article-title":"Neural mechanisms of planning: A computational analysis using event-related fMRI","volume":"99","author":"Fincham","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3401-04.2005","article-title":"The roles of the caudate nucleus in human classification learning","volume":"25","author":"Seger","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.12.006","article-title":"Short-term adaptation to a simple motor task: A physiological process preserved in multiple sclerosis","volume":"45","author":"Mancini","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2011.614597","article-title":"Information processing speed, neural efficiency,and working memory performance in multiple sclerosis: Differential relationships with structural magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"33","author":"Covey","year":"2011","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(88)90154-2","article-title":"Reaction time in ambulant multiple sclerosis patients. Part. I. Influence of prolonged cognitive effort","volume":"85","author":"Jennekens-Schinkel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520420096030","article-title":"Amantadine treatment of fatigue associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"46","author":"Cohen","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215510367540","article-title":"The impact of fatigue on cognitive functioning in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Bol","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514549567","article-title":"Is there a cognitive signature for MS-related fatigue?","volume":"21","author":"Hanken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-191083_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.5.1027","article-title":"Kurtzke scales revisited: The application of psychometric methods to clinical intuition","volume":"123","author":"Hobart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-191083","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1777370867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-191083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-191083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]}}}