{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T06:18:39Z","timestamp":1791353919374,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Fluid intelligence (FI) involves abstract problem-solving without prior knowledge. Greater age-related FI decline increases Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) risk, and recent studies suggest that certain dietary regimens may influence rates of decline. However, it is uncertain how long-term food consumption affects FI among adults with or without familial history of AD (FH) or APOE4 (\u025b4). Objective: Observe how the total diet is associated with long-term cognition among mid- to late-life populations at-risk and not-at-risk for AD. Methods: Among 1,787 mid-to-late-aged adult UK Biobank participants, 10-year FI trajectories were modeled and regressed onto the total diet based on self-reported intake of 49 whole foods from a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Results: Daily cheese intake strongly predicted better FIT scores over time (FH-: \u03b2=\u200a0.207, p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001; \u025b4\u2013: \u03b2=\u200a0.073, p\u200a=\u200a0.008; \u025b4+: \u03b2=\u200a0.162, p\u200a=\u200a0.001). Alcohol of any type daily also appeared beneficial (\u025b4+: \u03b2=\u200a0.101, p\u200a=\u200a0.022) and red wine was sometimes additionally protective (FH+: \u03b2=\u200a0.100, p\u200a=\u200a0.014; \u025b4\u2013: \u03b2=\u200a0.59, p\u200a=\u200a0.039). Consuming lamb weekly was associated with improved outcomes (FH-: \u03b2=\u200a0.066, p\u200a=\u200a0.008; \u025b4+: \u03b2=\u200a0.097, p\u200a=\u200a0.044). Among at risk groups, added salt correlated with decreased performance (FH+: \u03b2=\u200a\u20130.114, p\u200a=\u200a0.004; \u025b4+: \u03b2=\u200a\u20130.121, p\u200a=\u200a0.009). Conclusion: Modifying meal plans may help minimize cognitive decline. We observed that added salt may put at-risk individuals at greater risk, but did not observe similar interactions among FH- and AD- individuals. Observations further suggest in risk status-dependent manners that adding cheese and red wine to the diet daily, and lamb on a weekly basis, may also improve long-term cognitive outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-201058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,30]],"date-time":"2020-10-30T12:34:38Z","timestamp":1604061278000},"page":"1245-1257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Genetic Factors of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Modulate How Diet is Associated with Long-Term Cognitive Trajectories: A UK Biobank Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"78","author":[{"given":"Brandon S.","family":"Klinedinst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott T.","family":"Le","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brittany","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colleen","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan J.","family":"Hoth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Pollpeter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Allenspach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan P.","family":"Mochel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rush Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Center, Rush Medical Center, Rush University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Auriel A.","family":"Willette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Neuroscience Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201058_ref1","unstructured":"Glisky E (2007) Changes in cognitive function in human aging. 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