{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T06:31:13Z","timestamp":1787639473413,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Perioperative, modifiable factors contributing to perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) have not been clearly defined. Objective: To determine the contribution of anesthesia lengths and the degrees of surgical trauma to PND and neuroinflammation, a critical process for PND. Methods: Three-month-old C57BL\/6J mice were subjected to 2\u200ah or 6\u200ah isoflurane anesthesia plus a 5\u200amin or 15\u200amin left common carotid artery exposure (surgery) in a factorial design (two factors: anesthesia with two levels and surgery with three levels). Their learning and memory were tested by Barnes maze and novel object recognition paradigms. Blood, spleen, and hippocampus were harvested for measuring interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1\u03b2. Eighteen-month-old C57BL\/6J mice (old mice) were subjected to 6\u200ah isoflurane anesthesia or 2\u200ah isoflurane anesthesia plus 15\u200amin surgery and then had learning and memory tested. Results: Three-month-old mice with 15\u200amin surgery (long surgery) under 2\u200ah or 6\u200ah anesthesia performed poorly in the learning and memory tests compared with controls. Anesthesia alone or anesthesia plus 5\u200amin surgery did not affect mouse performance in these tests. Similarly, only mice with long surgery but not mice with other experimental conditions had increased IL-6 and IL-1\u03b2 in the blood, spleen, and hippocampus and decreased spleen weights. Splenocytes were found in the hippocampus after surgery. Similarly, old mice with long surgery but not the mice with isoflurane anesthesia alone had poor performance in the Barnes maze and novel object recognition tests. Conclusion: Surgical trauma, but not anesthesia, contributes to the development of PND and neuroinflammation. Splenocytes may modulate these processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-201232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T12:44:35Z","timestamp":1611665075000},"page":"245-257","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Surgery Trauma Severity but not Anesthesia Length Contributes to Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Zhongmeng","family":"Lai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiran","family":"Shan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyi","family":"Zuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201232_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1213\/ane.0b013e318199dc72","article-title":"Consensus statement: First International Workshop on Anesthetics and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"108","author":"Baranov","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201232_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000003841","article-title":"Best practices for postoperative brain health: Recommendations from the Fifth International Perioperative Neurotoxicity Working Group","volume":"127","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201232_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000002956","article-title":"Perioperative neurocognitive disorder: State of the preclinical science","volume":"132","author":"Eckenhoff","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201232_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)07382-0","article-title":"Long-term postoperative cognitive dysfunction in the elderly ISPOCD1 study. 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