{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:53:22Z","timestamp":1777395202760,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Recent studies have shown that long working hours can have adverse consequences on health and possibly trigger biological processes that mediate the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. Objective: To investigate whether long working hours and the overall duration such exposure is associated with a decline in cognitive function. Methods: Data obtained during the Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging (n\u200a=\u200a2,518) during the period 2006\u20132018 were used to explore the relationship between long working hours and cognitive decline. Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) scores were used to evaluate cognitive function. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), which were used to evaluate declines in K-MMSE scores over the 12-year study period. Results: Overall HR (95% CI) for a decline in cognitive function in long working hours group was 1.13 (0.73\u20131.17). When categorized by sex, women with long working hours had an HR (95% CI) of 1.50 (1.05\u20132.22), K-MMSE scores decreased significantly after working long hours for 5 years (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.01). Conclusion: The study furthers understanding of the effects of long working hours on cognitive decline among female workers. Further research is required to determine the effects of long working hours on cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-201404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,9]],"date-time":"2021-02-09T19:52:42Z","timestamp":1612900362000},"page":"727-734","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of Long Working Hours on Cognitive Function: A Follow-Up Study with Gender Stratification1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Seunghyun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan, Kitakyushu, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon Yul","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epilepsy Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wanhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291705006264","article-title":"Brain reserve and dementia: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Valenzuela","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2019.05.008","article-title":"The effect of occupation type on risk of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in men and women","volume":"126","author":"Santab\u00e1rbara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/27.4.477","article-title":"Occupation type as a predictor of cognitive decline and dementia in old age","volume":"27","author":"Jorm","year":"1998","journal-title":"Age Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-018-0430-8","article-title":"Shift work and risk of incident dementia: A study of two population-based cohorts","volume":"33","author":"Bokenberger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101993","article-title":"Chronic effects of shift work on cognition: Findings from the VISAT longitudinal study","volume":"72","author":"Marqui\u00e9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.12926","article-title":"Long working hours and the prevalence of masked and sustained hypertension","volume":"75","author":"Trudel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1739","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)60295-1","article-title":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals","volume":"386","author":"Kivim\u00e4ki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3364","article-title":"Psychosocial factors at work, long work hours, and obesity: A systematic review","volume":"39","author":"Solovieva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/32.6.737","article-title":"Long working hours and sleep disturbances: The Whitehall II prospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Virtanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291711000171","article-title":"Long working hours and symptoms of anxiety and depression: A 5-year follow-up of the Whitehall II study","volume":"41","author":"Virtanen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3712","article-title":"Long working hours and depressive symptoms: Systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies and unpublished individual participant data","volume":"44","author":"Virtanen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530230032026","article-title":"The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function: The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"274","author":"Launer","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.03.014","article-title":"Stress hormones in health and illness: The roles of work and gender","volume":"30","author":"Lundberg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.82996","article-title":"Night work and inflammatory markers","volume":"15","author":"Khosro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1097\/JNN.0b013e3182527690","article-title":"The impact of inflammation on cognitive function in older adults: Implications for health care practice and research","volume":"44","author":"Sartori","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.06.051","article-title":"The impact of occupational shift work and working hours during pregnancy on health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"221","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3388","article-title":"The association between long working hours and health: A systematic review of epidemiological evidence","volume":"40","author":"Bannai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand J Work Enviro Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2013-101760","article-title":"Systematic review of the effect of the psychosocial working environment on cognition and dementia","volume":"71","author":"Then","year":"2014","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwn382","article-title":"Long working hours and cognitive function: The Whitehall II Study","volume":"169","author":"Virtanen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.120","article-title":"Effect of overtime work on cognitive function in automotive workers","volume":"22","author":"Proctor","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref23","first-page":"569","article-title":"Shift work, long working hours, and later risk of dementia: A long-term follow-up of the Male Study","volume":"43","author":"Nabe-Nielsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref24","first-page":"300","article-title":"A validity study on the Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) in dementia patients","volume":"15","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Korean Neurol Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0148908","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148908","article-title":"Body mass index and decline of cognitive function","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLOS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Relationship between long working hours and periodontitis among the Korean workers","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0236931","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236931","article-title":"The negative impact of long working hours on mental health in young Korean workers","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2019-0126","article-title":"Objective and subjective working hours and their roles on workers\u2019 health among Japanese employees","volume":"58","author":"Ochiai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4980","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16244980","article-title":"Effect of long working hours on depression and mental well-being among employees in Shanghai: The role of having leisure hobbies","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2486\/indhealth.2018-0169","article-title":"The Modified International Standard Classification of Occupations defined by the clustering of occupational characteristics in the Korean Working Conditions Survey","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ind Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9879","article-title":"Association of lifestyle and genetic risk with incidence of dementia","volume":"322","author":"Lourida","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2008.08.021","article-title":"Chronic psychosocial stress exacerbates impairment of cognition and long-term potentiation in \u03b2-amyloid rat model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"65","author":"Srivareerat","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1180962","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 dynamics are regulated by orexin and the sleep-wake cycle","volume":"326","author":"Kang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.1173","article-title":"Effect of 1 night of total sleep deprivation on cerebrospinal fluid \u03b2-amyloid 42 in healthy middle-aged men: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"71","author":"Ooms","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2013.07.010","article-title":"Chronic mild sleep restriction accentuates contextual memory impairments, and accumulations of cortical A\u03b2 and pTau in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1529","author":"Rothman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx148","article-title":"Slow wave sleep disruption increases cerebrospinal fluid amyloid-\u03b2 levels","volume":"140","author":"Ju","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.01.002","article-title":"Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2012.09.014","article-title":"Psychosocial work factors, major depressive and generalised anxiety disorders: Results from the French national SIP study","volume":"146","author":"Murcia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742123","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/1742123","article-title":"Emerging issues in occupational disease: Mental health in the aging working population and cognitive impairment\u2014a narrative review","volume":"2020","author":"Giorgi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref40","first-page":"877","article-title":"Working hours and the onset of depressive disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"73","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref41","unstructured":"Heinrich HW (1941) Industrial Accident Prevention. A Scientific Approach. McGraw-Hill, New York."},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2004.016667","article-title":"The impact of overtime and long work hours on occupational injuries and illnesses: New evidence from the United States","volume":"62","author":"Dembe","year":"2005","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20307","article-title":"Modeling the impact of the components of long work hours on injuries and \u201caccidents\u201d","volume":"49","author":"Folkard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.092197.109","article-title":"The first Korean genome sequence and analysis: Full genome sequencing for a socio-ethnic group","volume":"19","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref46","first-page":"CD010783","article-title":"Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) for the detection of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and other dementias in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI)","volume":"2015","author":"Arevalo-Rodriguez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-201404_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205013666160314150501","article-title":"Molecular basis of familial and sporadic Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Dorszewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-201404","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:05:10Z","timestamp":1777370710000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-201404"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-201404","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}