{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:59:30Z","timestamp":1777395570784,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Socioeconomic factors are important contributors to brain health. However, data from developing countries (where social inequalities are the most prominent) are still scarce, particularly about hypertensive individuals. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between socioeconomic index, cognitive function, and cortical brain volume, as well as determine whether white matter hyperintensities are mediators of the association of the socioeconomic index with cognitive function in hypertensive individuals. Methods: We assessed 92 hypertensive participants (mean age\u200a=\u200a58\u00b18.6 years, 65.2%female). Cognitive evaluation and neuroimaging were performed and clinical and sociodemographic data were collected using questionnaires. A socioeconomic index was created using education, income, occupation (manual or non-manual work), and race. The associations of the socioeconomic index with cognitive performance and brain volume were investigated using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, time of hypertension since diagnosis, and comorbidities. A causal mediation analysis was also conducted. Results: Better socioeconomic status was associated with better visuospatial ability, executive function, and global cognition. We found associations between a better socioeconomic index and a higher parietal lobe volume. White matter hyperintensities were also not mediators in the relationship between the socioeconomic index and cognitive performance. Conclusion: Socioeconomic disadvantages are associated with worse cognitive performance and brain volume in individuals with hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,4]],"date-time":"2021-06-04T12:57:29Z","timestamp":1622811449000},"page":"815-826","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Relation of a Socioeconomic Index with Cognitive Function and Neuroimaging in Hypertensive Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Regina Silva","family":"Paradela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naomi Vidal","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Cl\u00ednica M\u00e9dica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Adventist University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Engenheiro Coelho, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariana Penteado","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Medical Investigations on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (LIM-44), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brenno","family":"Cabella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Theoretical Physics, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (IFT-UNESP), S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luiza Menoni","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura Al\u00f3","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle Irigoyen da","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Institute (InsCer), Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fernanda Marciano","family":"Consolim-Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Claudia Kimie","family":"Suemoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatrics, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Claudia","family":"Irigoyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto do Coracao (InCor), Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e67","DOI":"10.1161\/HYP.0000000000000053","article-title":"Impact of hypertension on cognitive function: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"68","author":"Iadecola","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-016-0775-x","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Zilliox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Diab Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.01.015","article-title":"Stroke injury, cognitive impairment and vascular dementia","volume":"1862","author":"Kalaria","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30228-5","article-title":"Associations between blood pressure across adulthood and late-life brain structure and pathology in the neuroscience substudy of the 1946 British birth cohort (Insight 46): An epidemiological study","volume":"18","author":"Lane","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2174\/1567205012666150701102606","article-title":"Social determinants, race, and brain health outcomes: Findings from the Chicago Health and Aging Project","volume":"12","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Alzheimer Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0969-9","article-title":"Social determinants of mental health: Where we are and where we need to go","volume":"20","author":"Alegr\u00eda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549141291S206","article-title":"The social determinants of health: It\u2019s time to consider the causes of the causes","volume":"129","author":"Braveman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1002\/aorn.12722","article-title":"Back to basics: Social determinants of health","volume":"110","author":"Spruce","year":"2019","journal-title":"AORN J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71146-6","article-title":"Social determinants of health inequalities","volume":"365","author":"Marmot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61690-6","article-title":"Closing the gap in a generation: Health equity through action on the social determinants of health","volume":"372","author":"Marmot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.60.6.628","article-title":"Prevalence of dementia in an elderly rural population: Effects of age, sex, and education","volume":"60","author":"Prencipe","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423.e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.09.023","article-title":"Education, occupation, leisure activities, and brain reserve: A population-based study","volume":"33","author":"Foubert-Samier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurobiol Aging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.963","article-title":"Association of lifetime intellectual enrichment with cognitive decline in the older population","volume":"71","author":"Vemuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2016.1204992","article-title":"Impact of literacy and years of education on the diagnosis of dementia: A population-based study","volume":"39","author":"Contador","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref15","first-page":"878","article-title":"Resting-state connectivity and its association with cognitive performance, educational attainment, and household income in the UK Biobank","volume":"3","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550230066019","article-title":"Education and other measures of socioeconomic status and risk of incident Alzheimer disease in a defined population of older persons","volume":"54","author":"Evans","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/10253890.2014.989204","article-title":"\u201cMore than skin deep\u201d: Stress neurobiology and mental health consequences of racial discrimination","volume":"18","author":"Berger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stress"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s40615-017-0428-z","article-title":"Discrimination and mental health in a representative sample of African-American and Afro-Caribbean youth","volume":"5","author":"Pachter","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Racial Ethn Health Disparities"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref20","first-page":"108","article-title":"Are there particular social determinants of health for the world\u2019s poorest countries?","volume":"11","author":"Eshetu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.007","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities and risks of cognitive impairment and dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 36 prospective studies","volume":"120","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060519858023","article-title":"Volume of white matter hyperintensities increases with blood pressure in patients with hypertension","volume":"47","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004579","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.004579","article-title":"Hypertension severity is associated with impaired cognitive performance","volume":"6","author":"Muela","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00056","article-title":"Neuropsychological assessment of individuals with brain tumor: Comparison of approaches used in the classification of impairment","volume":"5","author":"Dwan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Oncol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref25","unstructured":"Strauss E , Sherman EMS , Spreen O (2006), A Compendium of Neuropsychological Tests, Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2010.05.005","article-title":"The frontal assessment battery (FAB) reveals neurocognitive dysfunction in substance-dependent individuals in distinct executive domains: Abstract reasoning, motor programming, and cognitive flexibility","volume":"35","author":"Cunha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1159\/000369294","article-title":"Cerebral microbleeds are associated with worse cognitive function in the nondemented elderly with small vessel disease","volume":"4","author":"Yamashiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis Extra"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/M14-0737","article-title":"Diabetes in midlife and cognitive change over 20 years: A cohort study","volume":"161","author":"Rawlings","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1002\/smi.2906","article-title":"Work-related stress and cognitive performance among middle-aged adults: The Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)","volume":"36","author":"de Souza-Talarico","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stress Health"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200118","article-title":"Angiotensin II blood levels are associated with smaller hippocampal and cortical volumes in cognitively normal older adults","volume":"75","author":"Yasar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.19.10.1285","article-title":"White matter signal abnormalities in normal individuals: Correlation with carotid ultrasonography, cerebral blood flow measurements, and cerebrovascular risk factors","volume":"19","author":"Fazekas","year":"1988","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.149.2.351","article-title":"MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer\u2019s dementia and normal aging","volume":"149","author":"Fazekas","year":"1987","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1159\/000341859","article-title":"Close correlation between quantitative and qualitative assessments of white matter lesions","volume":"40","author":"Vald\u00e9s Hern\u00e1ndez M del","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e33","DOI":"10.1017\/jns.2019.24","article-title":"Association between adiposity levels and cognitive impairment in the Chilean older adult population","volume":"8","author":"Concha-Cisternas","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1161\/HCQ.0000000000000008","article-title":"Functional disability and cognitive impairment after hospitalization for myocardial infarction and stroke","volume":"7","author":"Levine","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0167-y","article-title":"Blood cholesterol in late-life and cognitive decline: A longitudinal study of the Chinese elderly","volume":"12","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761","article-title":"A general approach to causal mediation analysis","volume":"15","author":"Imai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Methods"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v059.i05","article-title":"mediation: R Package for Causal Mediation Analysis","volume":"59","author":"Tingley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1995.03530230032026","article-title":"The association between midlife blood pressure levels and late-life cognitive function. The Honolulu-Asia Aging Study","volume":"274","author":"Launer","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gny019","article-title":"Aging in Brazil","volume":"58","author":"Tramujas Vasconcellos Neumann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000242","article-title":"Understanding associations between race, socioeconomic status and health: Patterns and prospects","volume":"35","author":"Williams","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1159\/000501150","article-title":"Psychometric characteristics of cognitive reserve: How high education might improve certain cognitive abilities in aging","volume":"47","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwg042","article-title":"Education, other socioeconomic indicators, and cognitive function","volume":"157","author":"Lee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2017.08.034","article-title":"The neuroscience of socioeconomic status: Correlates, causes, and consequences","volume":"96","author":"Farah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4930","article-title":"Associations of childhood socioeconomic status with mid-life and late-life cognition in Chinese middle-aged and older population based on a 5-year period cohort study","volume":"33","author":"Sha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Geriatr Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0202964","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202964","article-title":"Childhood socioeconomic status and executive function in childhood and beyond","volume":"13","author":"Last","year":"2018","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2013.15.4\/hjahn","article-title":"Memory loss in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Jahn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dialogues Clin Neurosci"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1121399109","article-title":"Rigor, vigor, and the study of health disparities","volume":"109","author":"Adler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000408","article-title":"Differential associations of socioeconomic status with global brain volumes and white matter lesions in African American and white adults: The HANDLS SCAN Study","volume":"79","author":"Waldstein","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1177\/0022146512455804","article-title":"Miles to go before we sleep: Racial inequities in health","volume":"53","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-020-00218-z","article-title":"Trends in prevalence, mortality, and morbidity associated with high systolic blood pressure in Brazil from 1990 to 2017: Estimates from the \u201cGlobal Burden of Disease 2017\u201d (GBD 2017) study","volume":"18","author":"Nascimento","year":"2020","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0724-3","article-title":"Defining the relationship between hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: A review","volume":"19","author":"Walker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Hypertens Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2009.05339.x","article-title":"Race, socioeconomic status, and health: Complexities, ongoing challenges, and research opportunities","volume":"1186","author":"Williams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2879","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.294.22.2879","article-title":"Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all","volume":"294","author":"Braveman","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acap.2016.01.010","article-title":"Poverty, stress, and brain development: New directions for prevention and intervention","volume":"16","author":"Blair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acad Pediatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2014.277","article-title":"The long-term impact of early life poverty on orbitofrontal cortex volume in adulthood: Results from a prospective study over 25 years","volume":"40","author":"Holz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00276","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and structural brain development","volume":"8","author":"Brito","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-40273-7","article-title":"Differential role of prefrontal, temporal and parietal cortices in verbal and figural fluency: Implications for the supramodal contribution of executive functions","volume":"9","author":"Ghanavati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2004.03.012","article-title":"Parietal cortex and attention","volume":"14","author":"Behrmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2005.04.070","article-title":"Prefrontal and parietal contributions to spatial working memory","volume":"139","author":"Curtis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31823efc6c","article-title":"MRI cortical thickness biomarker predicts AD-like CSF and cognitive decline in normal adults","volume":"78","author":"Dickerson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2007.27","article-title":"Brain volume decline in aging: Evidence for a relation between socioeconomic status, preclinical Alzheimer disease, and reserve","volume":"65","author":"Fotenos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref63","first-page":"152","article-title":"Hippocampal neuronal loss in the CA1 and CA3 areas of Alzheimer\u2019s disease patients","volume":"24","author":"Padurariu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1326-6-85","article-title":"Adult hippocampal neurogenesis and its role in Alzheimer\u2019s disease.","volume":"6","author":"Mu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17824","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000017824","article-title":"The accuracy of hippocampal volumetry and glucose metabolism for the diagnosis of patients with suspected Alzheimer\u2019s disease, using automatic quantitative clinical tools","volume":"98","author":"Ferrari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(03)00305-3","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment","volume":"2","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867321666131227155140","article-title":"Essential hypertension, cerebral white matter pathology and ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Sierra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Med Chem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70104-6","article-title":"Cerebral small vessel disease: From pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges","volume":"9","author":"Pantoni","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.4103\/0366-6999.226069","article-title":"Hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease leading to cognitive impairment","volume":"131","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2014.04.002","article-title":"The impact of hypertension on cerebral perfusion and cortical thickness in older adults","volume":"8","author":"Alosco","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Hypertens"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1159\/000446082","article-title":"Hypertension and the brain:Arisk factor for more than heart disease","volume":"42","author":"Meissner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.10","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: An update","volume":"11","author":"Prins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.532853","article-title":"Vascular structure and function is correlated to cognitive performance and white matter hyperintensities in older hypertensive patients with subjective memory complaints","volume":"40","author":"Kearney-Schwartz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16025","article-title":"Blood pressure and brain lesions in patients with atrial fibrillation","volume":"77","author":"Aeschbacher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105275","article-title":"Correlation between white matter hyperintensities related gray matter volume and cognition in cerebral small vessel disease","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210143_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1927","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418764891","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities and headache: A population-based imaging study (HUNT MRI)","volume":"38","author":"Honningsv\u00e5g","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-210143","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:06:09Z","timestamp":1777370769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-210143"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-210143","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,21]]}}}