{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:49:29Z","timestamp":1791510569151,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Photobiomodulation (PBM) affects local blood flow regulation through nitric oxide generation, and various studies have reported on its effect on improving cognitive function in neurodegenerative diseases. However, the effect of PBM in the areas of the vertebral arteries (VA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA), which are the major blood-supplying arteries to the brain, has not been previously investigated. Objective: We aimed to determine whether irradiating PBM in the areas of the VA and ICA, which are the major blood-supplying arteries to the brain, improved regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) and cognitive function. Methods: Fourteen patients with mild cognitive impairments were treated with PBM. Cognitive assessment and single-photon emission computed tomography were implemented at the baseline and at the end of PBM. Results: Regarding rCBF, statistically significant trends were found in the medial prefrontal cortex, lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and occipital lateral cortex. Based on the cognitive assessments, statistically significant trends were found in overall cognitive function, memory, and frontal\/executive function. Conclusion: We confirmed the possibility that PBM treatment in the VA and ICA areas could positively affect cognitive function by increasing rCBF. A study with a larger sample size is needed to validate the potential of PBM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,17]],"date-time":"2021-08-17T14:08:46Z","timestamp":1629209326000},"page":"1513-1519","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Effects of Photobiomodulation on Changes in Cognitive Function and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Uncontrolled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Ji Soo","family":"Baik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nam Gyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Center of Color Seven. Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyoungjune","family":"Pak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine and Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hwa","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hong","family":"Min","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Il","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Convergence of Biomedical Science and Technology, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine & Institute of Medical Science, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-017-0852-4","article-title":"Brain photobiomodulation therapy: A narrative review","volume":"55","author":"Salehpour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191240","article-title":"Light modulation of brain and development of relevant equipment","volume":"74","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2019.04.005","article-title":"The effect of nitric oxide on mitochondrial respiration","volume":"88","author":"Poderoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1724","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061724","article-title":"Photobiomodulation-underlying mechanism and clinical applications","volume":"9","author":"Dompe","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3934\/biophy.2017.3.337","article-title":"Mechanisms and applications of the anti-inflammatory effects of photobiomodulation","volume":"4","author":"Hamblin","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIMS Biophys"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.24.158","article-title":"Low-level laser therapy in acute pain: A systematic review of possible mechanisms of action and clinical effects in randomized placebo-controlled trials","volume":"24","author":"Bjordal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/php.12864","article-title":"Mechanisms and mitochondrial redox signaling in photobiomodulation","volume":"94","author":"Hamblin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1089\/photob.2019.4663","article-title":"\u201cBuckets\u201d: Early observations on the use of red and infrared light helmets in Parkinson\u2019s disease patients","volume":"37","author":"Hamilton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photobiomodul Photomed Laser Surg"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10040610","article-title":"Photobiomodulation for Parkinson\u2019s disease in animal models: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Salehpour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-210386_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201960230","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201960230","article-title":"Good, better, best? 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