{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T00:42:49Z","timestamp":1791592969620,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The coexistence of magnetite within protein aggregates in the brain is a typical pathologic feature of Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), and the formation of amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques induces critical impairment of cognitive function. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of proton stimulation (PS) targeting plaque magnetite in the transgenic AD mouse brain. Methods: A proton transmission beam was applied to the whole mouse brain at a single entrance dose of 2 or 4\u200aGy to test the effect of disruption of magnetite-containing A\u03b2 plaques by electron emission from magnetite. The reduction in A\u03b2 plaque burden and the cognitive function of the PS-treated mouse group were assayed by histochemical analysis and memory tests, respectively. A\u03b2-magnetite and A\u03b2 fibrils were treated with PS to investigate the breakdown of the amyloid protein matrix. Results: Single PS induced a 48\u201387%reduction in both the amyloid plaque burden and ferrous-containing magnetite level in the early-onset AD mouse brain while saving normal tissue. The overall A\u03b2 plaque burden (68\u201382%) and (94\u201397%) hippocampal magnetite levels were reduced in late onset AD mice that showed improvements in cognitive function after PS compared with untreated AD mice (p\u200a&lt;\u200a0.001). Analysis of amyloid fibrils after exposure to a single 2 or 4\u200aGy proton transmission beam demonstrated that the protein matrix was broken down only in magnetite-associated A\u03b2 fibrils. Conclusion: Single PS targeting plaque magnetite effectively decreases the amyloid plaque burden and the ferrous-containing magnetite level, and this effect is useful for memory recovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-210739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T14:16:11Z","timestamp":1632233771000},"page":"377-392","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Proton Stimulation Targeting Plaque Magnetite Reduces Amyloid-\u03b2 Plaque and Iron Redox Toxicity and Improves Memory in an Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Seung-Jun","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering & Radiology, School of Medicine, Daegu Catholic University, Daegu, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won-Seok","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering 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