{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:32:37Z","timestamp":1787509957589,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]],"date-time":"2021-11-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636416000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence show that the gut microbiota is deeply involved not only in host nutrient metabolism but also in immune function, endocrine regulation, and chronic disease. In neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the gut-brain axis, the bidirectional interaction between the brain and the gut, provides new route of pathological spread and potential therapeutic targets. Although studies of gut microbiota have been conducted mainly in mice, mammalian gut microbiota is highly diverse, complex, and sensitive to environmental changes. Drosophila melanogaster, a fruit fly, has many advantages as a laboratory animal: short life cycle, numerous and genetically homogenous offspring, less ethical concerns, availability of many genetic models, and low maintenance costs. Drosophila has a simpler gut microbiota than mammals and can be made to remain sterile or to have standardized gut microbiota by simple established methods. Research on the microbiota of Drosophila has revealed new molecules that regulate the brain-gut axis, and it has been shown that dysbiosis of the fly microbiota worsens lifespan, motor function, and neurodegeneration in AD and PD models. The results shown in fly studies represents a fundamental part of the immune and proteomic process involving gut-microbiota interactions that are highly conserved. Even though the fly\u2019s gut microbiota are not simple mimics of humans, flies are a valuable system to learn the molecular mechanisms of how the gut microbiota affect host health and behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-215031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,21]],"date-time":"2021-09-21T14:21:47Z","timestamp":1632234107000},"page":"479-490","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Drosophila as a Model for Microbiota Studies of Neurodegeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Fukiko","family":"Kitani-Morii","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Pathobiology of Brain Diseases, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert P.","family":"Friedland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hideki","family":"Yoshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiki","family":"Mizuno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.10.027","article-title":"The central nervous system and the gut microbiome","volume":"167","author":"Sharon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-316723","article-title":"Human gut microbiome: Hopes, threats and promises","volume":"67","author":"Cani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17626","article-title":"The evolution of cooperation within the gut microbiota","volume":"533","author":"Rakoff-Nahoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468S","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.240754","article-title":"Factors influencing the gut microbiota, inflammation, and type 2 diabetes","volume":"147","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00104","article-title":"From the bottom-up: Chemotherapy and gut-brain axis dysregulation","volume":"12","author":"Bajic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-021-00438-w","article-title":"Do antibiotics cause obesity through long-term alterations in the gut microbiome? A review of current evidence","volume":"10","author":"Vallianou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr Obes Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11450","article-title":"A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes","volume":"490","author":"Qin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref9","first-page":"227","article-title":"Gut microbiota in metabolic-associated fatty liver disease and in other chronic metabolic diseases","volume":"9","author":"Hernandez-Ceballos","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Transl Hepatol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.004","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota in colorectal cancer","volume":"33","author":"Tilg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-313872","article-title":"Feeding the microbiota: Transducer of nutrient signals for the host","volume":"66","author":"Shanahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660179","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.660179","article-title":"The role of the gut-liver axis in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease","volume":"12","author":"Martin-Mateos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0198-4","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota fuelling metabolic inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Tilg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref14","first-page":"389","article-title":"Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: Mediators and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"16","author":"Back","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Cardiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3786","article-title":"Type 2 inflammation in asthma\u2013present in most, absent in many","volume":"15","author":"Fahy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010263","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease-potential therapeutic role of minerals, vitamins and plant-derived metabolites","volume":"21","author":"Rapa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3071","article-title":"Gut feelings: The emerging biology of gut-brain communication","volume":"12","author":"Mayer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4476","article-title":"Interactions between the microbiota, immune and nervous systems in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Fung","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1010529108","article-title":"Normal gut microbiota modulates brain development and behavior","volume":"108","author":"Diaz Heijtz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.024","article-title":"Microbiota modulate behavioral and physiological abnormalities associated with neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"155","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.11.018","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"167","author":"Sampson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41684-018-0065-0","article-title":"The Drosophila model for microbiome research","volume":"47","author":"Douglas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lab Anim (NY)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020491","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of ALS and CMT: A lesson from Drosophila models","volume":"22","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2017.06.004","article-title":"Microbial influence on Drosophila biology","volume":"38","author":"Martino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-019-09801-w","article-title":"Convergence of longevity and immunity: Lessons from animal models","volume":"20","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2018-0185","article-title":"Gut microbiota influences Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathogenesis by regulating acetate in Drosophila model","volume":"13","author":"Kong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-90749-8","article-title":"Kefir metabolites in a fly model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"11","author":"Batista","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0529-0_1","article-title":"Drosophila as a model organism","volume":"1076","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2011.01.006","article-title":"Functional screening of Alzheimer pathology genome-wide association signals in Drosophila","volume":"88","author":"Shulman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501078102","article-title":"Increased glutathione S-transferase activity rescues dopaminergic neuron loss in a Drosophila model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"102","author":"Whitworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1134108","article-title":"Ubiquitinated TDP-43 in frontotemporal lobar degeneration and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"314","author":"Neumann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81200-3","article-title":"Expanded polyglutamine protein forms nuclear inclusions and causes neural degeneration in Drosophila","volume":"93","author":"Warrick","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awy104","article-title":"Mutations in COA7 cause spinocerebellar ataxia with axonal neuropathy","volume":"141","author":"Higuchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1126\/science.287.5461.2216","article-title":"A brief history of Drosophila\u2019s contributions to genome research","volume":"287","author":"Rubin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2012.02740.x","article-title":"The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster unfolds the secrets of innate immunity","volume":"101","author":"Ramet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3851","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.159582","article-title":"An interview with Christiane Nusslein-Volhard","volume":"144","author":"Brown","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.118.2.401","article-title":"Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and generating dominant phenotypes","volume":"118","author":"Brand","year":"1993","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-0529-0_15","article-title":"Humanized flies and resources for cross-species study","volume":"1076","author":"Takano-Shimizu-Kouno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1051960302","article-title":"Cellular organization and peritrophic membrane formation in the cardia (proventriculus) of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"196","author":"King","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Morphol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.54.110807.090559","article-title":"New insights into peritrophic matrix synthesis, architecture, and function","volume":"54","author":"Hegedus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu Rev Entomol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15966","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1105994108","article-title":"Genetic evidence for a protective role of the peritrophic matrix against intestinal bacterial infection in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"108","author":"Kuraishi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0242-1","article-title":"Simple animal models for microbiome research","volume":"17","author":"Douglas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.05.034","article-title":"Probabilistic invasion underlies natural gut microbiome stability","volume":"27","author":"Obadia","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2011.07.012","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum promotes Drosophila systemic growth by modulating hormonal signals through TOR-dependent nutrient sensing","volume":"14","author":"Storelli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1212782","article-title":"Drosophila microbiome modulates host developmental and metabolic homeostasis via insulin signaling","volume":"334","author":"Shin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4611","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102073","article-title":"The role of commensal microbes in the lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"11","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging (Albany NY)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-018-07080-y","article-title":"Gut microbes alter the walking activity of fruit flies","volume":"563","author":"Douglas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0634-9","article-title":"A gut microbial factor modulates locomotor behaviour in Drosophila","volume":"563","author":"Schretter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2876","article-title":"The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain","volume":"10","author":"Collins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16050","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1102999108","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus strain regulates emotional behavior and central GABA receptor expression in a mouse via the vagus nerve","volume":"108","author":"Bravo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.197","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Parkinson disease\u2013the gut-brain axis and environmental factors","volume":"11","author":"Klingelhoefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-017-1777-8","article-title":"Does Parkinson\u2019s disease start in the gut?","volume":"135","author":"Lionnet","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-014-1343-6","article-title":"Direct evidence of Parkinson pathology spread from the gastrointestinal tract to the brain in rats","volume":"128","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-019-02040-w","article-title":"Evidence for bidirectional and trans-synaptic parasympathetic and sympathetic propagation of alpha-synuclein in rats","volume":"138","author":"Van Den Berge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638867","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.638867","article-title":"Microbiome or infections: Amyloid-containing biofilms as a trigger for complex human diseases","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-142841","article-title":"Mechanisms of molecular mimicry involving the microbiota in neurodegeneration","volume":"45","author":"Friedland","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051652","article-title":"What are the molecular mechanisms by which functional bacterial amyloids influence amyloid beta deposition and neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders?","volume":"21","author":"Friedland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0826-5","article-title":"Enhanced susceptibility of triple transgenic Alzheimer\u2019s disease (3xTg-AD) mice to acute infection","volume":"14","author":"Montacute","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-201587","article-title":"The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in the health and illness condition: A focus on Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"81","author":"De","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41802","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41802","article-title":"Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota","volume":"7","author":"Harach","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2019.07.002","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment has similar alterations as Alzheimer\u2019s disease in gut microbiota","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.15031","article-title":"Gut microbiota regulate cognitive deficits and amyloid deposition in a model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"155","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003391","article-title":"Gram-negative bacterial molecules associate with Alzheimer disease pathology","volume":"87","author":"Zhan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0238-6","article-title":"Propagation and spread of pathogenic protein assemblies in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"21","author":"Jucker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067484","article-title":"Role of Escherichia coli curli operons in directing amyloid fiber formation","volume":"295","author":"Chapman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1086\/315233","article-title":"Expression of and cytokine activation by Escherichia coli curli fibers in human sepsis","volume":"181","author":"Bian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2009.05.020","article-title":"Responses to amyloids of microbial and host origin are mediated through toll-like receptor 2","volume":"6","author":"Tukel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2010.01485.x","article-title":"Toll-like receptors 1 and 2 cooperatively mediate immune responses to curli, a common amyloid from enterobacterial biofilms","volume":"12","author":"Tukel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Microbiol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6098","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0501814102","article-title":"Protein fibrils in nature can enhance amyloid protein A amyloidosis in mice: Cross-seeding as a disease mechanism","volume":"102","author":"Lundmark","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.02.022","article-title":"The amyloid state of proteins in human diseases","volume":"148","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12481","article-title":"Self-propagation of pathogenic protein aggregates in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"501","author":"Jucker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23687","article-title":"Meta-analysis of early nonmotor features and risk factors for Parkinson disease","volume":"72","author":"Noyce","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-002-1301-4","article-title":"Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s disease (preclinical and clinical stages)","volume":"249 Suppl 3","author":"Braak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12728","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012728","article-title":"Colonic biopsies to assess the neuropathology of Parkinson\u2019s disease and its relationship with symptoms","volume":"5","author":"Lebouvier","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476041","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/476041","article-title":"Gastrointestinal biopsies for the diagnosis of alpha-synuclein pathology in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2015","author":"Cersosimo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Res Pract"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24448","article-title":"Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"78","author":"Svensson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1006654","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006654","article-title":"The role of microbial amyloid in neurodegeneration","volume":"13","author":"Friedland","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0164-x","article-title":"Efficient RT-QuIC seeding activity for alpha-synuclein in olfactory mucosa samples of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and multiple system atrophy","volume":"8","author":"De Luca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001299","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001299","article-title":"Accelerated amyloid beta pathogenesis by bacterial amyloid FapC","volume":"7","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1007978","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007978","article-title":"Structural insights into Curli CsgA cross-beta fibril architecture inspire repurposing of anti-amyloid compounds as anti-biofilm agents","volume":"15","author":"Perov","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615","article-title":"The host defense of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"25","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-111212-133343","article-title":"The digestive tract of Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"47","author":"Lemaitre","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00040-6","article-title":"Intestinal microbial dysbiosis aggravates the progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease in Drosophila","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0214985","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214985","article-title":"A novel synbiotic delays Alzheimer\u2019s disease onset via combinatorial gut-brain-axis signaling in Drosophila melanogaster","volume":"14","author":"Westfall","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2019.0086","article-title":"Lactobacillus probiotics improved the gut microbiota profile of a Drosophila melanogaster Alzheimer\u2019s disease model and alleviated neurodegeneration in the eye","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef Microbes"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14773"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1038\/35006074","article-title":"A Drosophila model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"404","author":"Feany","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24830","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807456116","article-title":"A locomotor assay reveals deficits in heterozygous Parkinson\u2019s disease model and proprioceptive mutants in adult Drosophila","volume":"116","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2018.10.019","article-title":"Heterogeneity in gut microbiota drive polyphenol metabolism that influences alpha-synuclein misfolding and toxicity","volume":"64","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Nutr Biochem"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5931","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201903125RR","article-title":"EGCG ameliorates neuronal and behavioral defects by remodeling gut microbiota and TotM expression in Drosophila models of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"34","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1443-5","article-title":"Potential roles of gut microbiome and metabolites in modulating ALS in mice","volume":"572","author":"Blacher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2288-7","article-title":"C9orf72 suppresses systemic and neural inflammation induced by gut bacteria","volume":"582","author":"Burberry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03522-2","article-title":"Response of the microbiome-gut-brain axis in Drosophila to amino acid deficit","volume":"593","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215031_ref95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-25382-z","article-title":"Longevity extension in Drosophila through gut-brain communication","volume":"8","author":"Westfall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"}],"container-title":["Journal of Alzheimer's Disease"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/content.iospress.com\/download?id=10.3233\/JAD-215031","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:07:21Z","timestamp":1777370841000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.3233\/JAD-215031"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3233\/jad-215031","relation":{},"ISSN":["1387-2877","1875-8908"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1387-2877","type":"print"},{"value":"1875-8908","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,9]]}}}