{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:26:44Z","timestamp":1788964004739,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Infections by bacterial or viral agents have been hypothesized to influence the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Objective: This study examined the potential presence of Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, the causative agent of Lyme disease, in brain autopsy tissue of patients diagnosed with either Alzheimer\u2019s (AD) or Parkinson\u2019s diseases. Methods: Brain tissue sections from patients with age-matched controls were evaluated for antigen and DNA presence of B. burgdorferi using various methods. Positive Borrelia structures were evaluated for co-localization with biofilm and AD markers such as amyloid and phospho-tau (p-Tau) using immunohistochemical methods. Results: The results showed the presence of B. burgdorferi antigen and DNA in patients with AD pathology and among those, one of them was previously diagnosed with Lyme disease. Interestingly, a significant number of Borrelia-positive aggregates with a known biofilm marker, alginate, were found along with the spirochetal structures. Our immunohistochemical data also showed that Borrelia-positive aggregates co-localized with amyloid and phospho-tau markers. To further prove the potential relationship of B. burgdorferi and amyloids, we infected two mammalian cell lines with B. burgdorferi which resulted in a significant increase in the expression of amyloid-\u03b2 and p-Tau proteins in both cells lines post-infection. Conclusion: These results indicate that B. burgdorferi can be found in AD brain tissues, not just in spirochete but a known antibiotics resistant biofilm form, and its co-localized amyloid markers. In summary, this study provides evidence for a likely association between B. burgdorferi infections and biofilm formation, AD pathology, and chronic neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-215398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,7]],"date-time":"2021-12-07T14:19:14Z","timestamp":1638886754000},"page":"889-903","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Borrelia burgdorferi Co-Localizing with Amyloid Markers in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Brain Tissues"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Alireza G.","family":"Senejani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasmin","family":"Maghsoudlou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, 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USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishwa A.","family":"Khatri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Interrogation Research Laboratory, Naples, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Sapi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of New Haven, West Haven, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215398_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease-a tick-borne 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