{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T10:24:28Z","timestamp":1784543068600,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JAD"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Time disorientation is one of the main symptoms observed in patients with dementia; however, their clock-reading ability has not been fully reported. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the clock-reading ability of both digital and analog clocks in patients with dementia. We newly devised the clock-reading test (CRT) and the number-reading test (NRT) to assess cognitive factors that may affect clock-reading ability. Furthermore, the discriminating power of the CRT was calculated. Methods: 104 participants were categorized based on their Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores as follows: subjective cognitive decline \u223c mild cognitive impairment (SCD\u223cMCI, N\u200a=\u200a43), early Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) (N\u200a=\u200a26), and middle-to-late AD (N\u200a=\u200a35). Their cognitive abilities were evaluated using the clock-drawing test (CDT), CRT, and NRT. Results: Cognitive decline leads to impairment of clock-reading ability which is more pronounced in the analog clocks than digital ones. This deficit in clock-reading is attributed to a loss of semantic memory regarding clocks at all stages. Additionally, visuospatial dysfunction and reduced ability of number recognition may lead to deficit in clock-reading in the advanced stage of AD. The discriminating power of the CRT (analog) (AUC\u200a=\u200a0.853) was high enough to detect cognitive decline. Conclusion: Digital clocks are more readable by patients with dementia. Since reading clocks is closely associated with daily life, the CRT has proved to be a useful tool. A decline of analog clock-reading may be an early detector for the onset of dementia in elderly patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3233\/jad-215471","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T10:52:01Z","timestamp":1650019921000},"page":"1151-1165","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analysis of the Clock-Reading Ability in Patients with Cognitive Impairment: Comparison of Analog Clocks and Digital Clocks"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"87","author":[{"given":"Momoyo","family":"Shimosaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaison Healthcare Engineering, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayae","family":"Kinoshita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","reference":[{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12068","article-title":"2020 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures","volume":"16","author":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69113-7","article-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"368","author":"Blennow","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/npjamd.2016.16","article-title":"Time distortions in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A systematic review and theoretical integration","volume":"2","author":"El Haj","year":"2016","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech Dis"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2004.01388.x","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity","volume":"256","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2011.03.008","article-title":"The diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer\u2019s Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"7","author":"Albert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1155","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment clinical trials","volume":"2","author":"Petersen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.3233\/JAD-215471_ref7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.3.303","article-title":"Mild cognitive impairment - 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